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September 28, 2024

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Balancing yoga traditions with modern wellness requires flexibility

by Cody DeBos, University of Colorado at Boulder

As yoga enthusiasts across the country celebrate Yoga Awareness Month in September, it's difficult to ignore how much the practice has evolved—especially in the West. Yoga, born as a spiritual and meditative practice rooted in centuries-old Indian traditions, has become a global phenomenon often centered on physical health and wellness.

A 2022 study by the Centers for Disease Control found that almost 17% of U.S. adults 18 or older had practiced yoga in the preceding 12 months, and about 57% of those who did incorporated meditation into their practice.

But even when it incorporates meditation and other mindfulness practices, how closely does modern yoga resemble the practice that was born millennia ago in India?

Loriliai Biernacki, a University of Colorado Boulder professor of religious studies who teaches a course called Yoga: Ancient and Modern, notes that what is taught in studios now may bear varying degrees of resemblance to yoga's origins.

Mental mastery to physical wellness

Yoga's traditional roots go far beyond the stretches and poses seen in most local studios and fitness centers today. According to Biernacki, the earliest yoga practitioners focused on mental mastery and spiritual growth. Historical documents also point to beliefs that accomplished "yogis" could acquire magical powers to read another person's mind or transform objects.

"The goals are essentially what we might think of as enlightenment," Biernacki explains, "with the terms 'mokṣha,' 'kaivalya,' and 'nirvāṇa,'" which are Sanskrit words that describe yoga's founding ideals of liberation, detachment and karmic release.

In its original context, yoga emphasized learning to control the mind and finding peace rather than achieving physical fitness .

As described in the Sir Edward Arnold translation of the Bhagavad Gita, the yogi is one who:

Sequestered should he sit, Steadfastly meditating, solitary, His thoughts controlled, his passions laid away, Quit of belongings. In a fair, still spot Having his fixed abode,—not too much raised, Nor yet too low,—let him abide, his goods A cloth, a deerskin, and the Kusa-grass. There, setting hard his mind upon The One, Restraining heart and senses, silent, calm, Let him accomplish Yoga, and achieve Pureness of soul, holding immovable Body and neck and head…

However, modern yoga, especially as practiced in the West, has shifted its priorities.

"Yoga practice today is very much focused on bodily health if one goes to a studio to practice yoga," Biernacki notes. Poses, or āsanas, are now central to most yoga classes, and the practice is commonly associated with physical wellness, flexibility and relaxation.

"Āsana is not something we find in yoga as a practice in the early part of the first millennium, but by about the 12th century or so, we do begin to see an incursion of emphasis on a variety of different bodily postures in the practice of yoga," Biernacki explains.

This shift is no accident. Commercialization has played a significant role in transforming yoga from a spiritual journey into a global wellness trend. Biernacki points to the influence of marketing and the rise of yoga as a booming industry as key factors driving this shift.

"Of course, commercialization has played an outsized role. A great resource on this score is Andrea Jain's book on yoga transformation in the modern period, Selling Yoga," she says.

While physical health is undoubtedly valuable, evolving goals raise the question of whether modern yoga has strayed too far from its roots. The answer may lie in how individuals choose to practice yoga and whether there is room to reconnect with its original mental and spiritual aspects, Biernacki says.

Appropriation or evolution?

As yoga's popularity has grown in the West, so too have discussions around cultural appropriation. Some question whether certain modern adaptations of yoga—those that have been commercialized or stripped of their spiritual components—disrespect the practice's origins.

Biernacki says she believes the issue isn't black and white: "It's probably a mix of cultural appropriation and some modicum of paying homage to the insight and wisdom that we find in these traditions of yoga."

On one hand, the commercialization of yoga can lead to a superficial understanding of a practice with centuries of spiritual depth, she says. Western yoga classes and studio branding may use terms like namaste or chakra without studying their spiritual significance.

On the other hand, Biernacki notes that some modern yoga instructors do attempt to preserve the roots of the practice. "I do find it interesting that there are a number of teachers who are, in fact, emphasizing connecting yoga with its literary roots in a way that does take the history of yoga seriously," she says. "Especially popular is the classic text 'Patañjali's Yoga Sūtra,' which is keyed into yoga as a way of mastering the mind."

Ultimately, the question of cultural appropriation depends on how individuals and studios approach the practice, Biernacki says. For some, yoga may be a mindful homage that embraces historical context while adapting to modern needs. For others, yoga may simply be a brand or a lifestyle with beautiful aesthetics.

Balancing act

As yoga continues to evolve, it's unclear whether modern adaptations will dominate or if instructors and practitioners alike will seek a return to its traditional roots. Biernacki suggests that both trends will likely coexist.

"I suspect that traditional practices will probably be more popular, but there will be some modern adaptations," she says.

This resurgence echoes a broader cultural shift towards mindfulness, as an ever-growing body of research supports the benefits of yoga for conditions ranging from depression to back pain to cancer.

The rise of interest in traditional practices could signal a desire to reconnect with yoga's deeper spiritual roots. Biernacki points out that many instructors already strive to bring these philosophies into their practice and remind students that yoga is about more than just physical postures.

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9 Benefits of Yoga

If you’ve done your “downward dog” yoga pose today, you’re probably feeling more relaxed. Regardless of your level of yoga expertise, if you’re practicing regularly, you can feel better from head to toe.

Yoga offers physical and mental health benefits for people of all ages. And, if you’re going through an illness, recovering from surgery or living with a chronic condition, yoga can become an integral part of your treatment and potentially hasten healing. 

A yoga therapist can work with patients and put together individualized plans that work together with their medical and surgical therapies. That way, yoga can support the healing process and help the person experience symptoms with more centeredness and less distress.

1. Yoga improves strength, balance and flexibility.

Slow movements and deep breathing increase blood flow and warm up muscles, while holding a pose can build strength. Try it:  Tree Pose Balance on one foot, while holding the other foot to your calf or above the knee (but never on the knee) at a right angle. Try to focus on one spot in front of you, while you balance for one minute. 

2. Yoga helps with back pain relief.

Yoga is as good as basic stretching for easing pain and improving mobility in people with lower back pain. The American College of Physicians recommends yoga as a first-line treatment for chronic low back pain. Try it:  Cat-Cow Pose Get on all fours, placing your palms underneath your shoulders and your knees underneath your hips. First, inhale, as you let your stomach drop down toward the floor. Then, exhale, as you draw your navel toward your spine, arching your spine like a cat stretching. 

3. Yoga can ease arthritis symptoms.

Gentle yoga has been shown to ease some of the discomfort of tender, swollen joints for people with arthritis, according to  a Johns Hopkins review of 11 recent studies .

4. Yoga benefits heart health.

Regular yoga practice may reduce levels of stress and body-wide inflammation, contributing to  healthier hearts.  Several of the factors contributing to heart disease, including high blood pressure and excess weight, can also be addressed through yoga. Try it:  Downward Dog Pose Get on all fours, then tuck your toes under and bring your sitting bones up, so that you make a triangle shape. Keep a slight bend in your knees, while lengthening your spine and tailbone.

5. Yoga relaxes you, to help you sleep better.

Research shows  that a consistent bedtime yoga routine can help you get in the right mindset and prepare your body to fall asleep and stay asleep.

Try It:  Legs-Up-the-Wall Pose Sit with your left side against a wall, then gently turn right and lift your legs up to rest against the wall, keeping your back on the floor and your sitting bones close to the wall. You can remain in this position for 5 to 15 minutes. 

6. Yoga can mean more energy and brighter moods.

You may feel increased mental and physical energy, a boost in alertness and enthusiasm, and fewer negative feelings after getting into a routine of practicing yoga.

7. Yoga helps you manage stress. 

According to the National Institutes of Health, scientific evidence shows that yoga supports stress management, mental health, mindfulness, healthy eating, weight loss and quality sleep.

Try It:  Corpse Pose (Savasana)  Lie down with your limbs gently stretched out, away from the body, with your palms facing up. Try to clear your mind while breathing deeply. You can hold this pose for 5 to 15 minutes.

8. Yoga connects you with a supportive community. 

Participating in yoga classes can ease loneliness and provide an environment for group healing and support. Even during one-on-one sessions loneliness is reduced as one is acknowledged as a unique individual, being listened to and participating in the creation of a personalized yoga plan.

9. Yoga promotes better self-care. 

Scientific research on yoga benefits .

The U.S. military, the National Institutes of Health and other large organizations are listening to — and incorporating — scientific validation of yoga’s value in health care.

Numerous studies show yoga’s benefits in arthritis, osteopenia, balance issues, oncology, women’s health, chronic pain and other specialties.

Try It Yoga Classes for Seniors 

“If you’re new to yoga, it’s good to sign up for a class so you can learn good form,” Jeter says. Call local yoga studios, gyms, or senior centers and ask if they offer classes taught by a teacher trained to work with older people or those with physical limitations. A gentle yoga class can be a good choice. Chair (or seated) yoga is a great option if your mobility or balance is limited, according to Jeter. Move at your own pace—and remember that any yoga pose can be modified so it’s right for you. Just ask your teacher.

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A Comprehensive Review of Yoga Research in 2020

Affiliations.

• 1 Advanced Yoga Research Council, AAYM, Germantown, TN, USA.
• 2 Department of Research, Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College, Chennai, India.
• 3 Department of Cardiology, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, India.
• 4 Department of Yoga, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India.
• 5 Department of Yoga, Manipur University, Imphal, India.
• 6 Department of Cardiology, Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
• 7 School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
• 8 Integrative Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India.
• PMID: 35099279
• DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2021.0420

Objectives: Accumulated evidence garnered in the last few decades has highlighted the role of yoga in health and disease. The overwhelming mortality and morbidity mediated by noncommunicable epidemics such as heart disease and cancer have fostered a search for mechanisms to attenuate them. Despite overwhelming success in acute care, the efficacy of modern medicines has been limited on this front. Yoga is one of the integrative therapies that has come to light as having a substantial role in preventing and mitigating such disorders. It thus seems trite to analyze and discuss the research advancements in yoga for 2020. The present review attempts to distill recent research highlights from voluminous literature generated in 2020. Methods: This review was conducted on the articles published or assigned to an issue in 2020. The authors searched the PubMed database for clinical studies published in the English language, using yoga (including meditation) as the intervention, and having an adequate description of the intervention. Then, they extracted data from each study into a standardized Google sheet. Results: A total of 1149 citations were retrieved in the initial search. Of these, 46 studies met eligibility criteria and were finally included. The studies were predominantly on mental health and neuropsychology, addressing various issues such as anxiety, postural balance, migraine, academic performance, and childhood neglect. Anxiety, stress, and depression were other common denominators. Eight studies were on cardiorespiratory systems, including exercise capacity, cardiac rehabilitation, myocardial infarction, and hypertension. Three studies were on diabetes, evaluating the effect of yoga. Five studies focused on cognition, health status, and autonomic regulation and few others included cancers, infertility, ulcerative colitis, urinary incontinence, restless leg syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic pain, and metabolic syndrome. Finally, most studies were on noncommunicable diseases with one exception, human immunodeficiency virus; two randomized controlled trials were dedicated to it. Conclusions: Yoga has been studied under a wide variety of clinicopathological conditions in the year 2020. This landscape review intends to provide an idea of the role of yoga in various clinical conditions and its future therapeutic implications.

Keywords: clinical research; meditation; trials; yoga.

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Yoga for Health

Many people practice yoga for health-related reasons, such as for well-being and fitness, to help control stress, or to help manage or prevent a health problem. Results of studies on the effects of yoga on health have found that yoga may be more beneficial for some health conditions than for others. This issue of the digest summarizes the current research on yoga for several health conditions and in different populations.

What the Science Says:  Yoga for Health

.header_greentext{color:green!important;font-size:24px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_bluetext{color:blue!important;font-size:18px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_redtext{color:red!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_darkred{color:#803d2f!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_purpletext{color:purple!important;font-size:31px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_yellowtext{color:yellow!important;font-size:20px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_blacktext{color:black!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_whitetext{color:white!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.header_darkred{color:#803d2f!important;}.Green_Header{color:green!important;font-size:24px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Blue_Header{color:blue!important;font-size:18px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Red_Header{color:red!important;font-size:28px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Purple_Header{color:purple!important;font-size:31px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Yellow_Header{color:yellow!important;font-size:20px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.Black_Header{color:black!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;}.White_Header{color:white!important;font-size:22px!important;font-weight:500!important;} Summary of Current Research

• Children and Adolescents
• Older Adults
• Health and Well-Being
• Other Conditions

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends yoga as a safe and potentially effective therapy for children and adolescents coping with emotional, mental, physical, and behavioral health conditions. Yoga can help children learn to self-regulate, focus on the task at hand, and handle problems peacefully. Yoga may also improve balance, relieve tension, and increase strength when practiced regularly. Because some yoga poses are harder than others, the AAP cautions that even children who are flexible and in good shape should start slowly.

Read more about the research on yoga for children and adolescents

Yoga’s popularity among older Americans  is growing. National survey data show that  6.7 percent of U.S. adults age 65 and over practiced yoga in 2017, as compared to  3.3 percent in 2012, 2.0 percent in 2007,  and 1.3 percent in 2002.

Older adults who practice yoga should put safety first. It’s a good  idea to start with an appropriate yoga class—such as one called  gentle yoga or seniors yoga—to get individualized advice and learn correct form. Chair yoga is an even gentler option for seniors with limited mobility. And it’s important for older people with medical  issues to talk to both their health care providers and the yoga  teacher before starting yoga.

Read more about the research on yoga for older adults

Only a small amount of research has investigated yoga for general well-being, such as improving sleep and reducing stress, and the findings have not been completely consistent. Nevertheless, some preliminary research results suggest that yoga may have several different types of benefits for general well-being. 

Read more about the research on yoga for health and well-being

Yoga may help relieve low-back pain and neck pain, but it has not been shown to be helpful for some other painful conditions such as headache, arthritis, fibromyalgia, or carpal tunnel syndrome.

Read more about the research on yoga for pain conditions

Quite a few studies have been done on yoga for people with cancer, especially on women with breast cancer. These studies have produced some evidence that yoga can help improve quality of life and reduce fatigue and sleep disturbances. Other forms of exercise may have similar benefits.

Yoga may be helpful for anxiety or depressive symptoms associated with difficult life situations. However, the research on yoga for anxiety disorders, clinical depression, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), although mildly positive, is still very preliminary.

A small amount of research in people with multiple sclerosis found that yoga has short-term benefits on fatigue and mood, but it doesn’t affect muscle function, reasoning ability, or quality of life. The effects of yoga on fatigue are similar to those of other kinds of exercise.

Read more about the research on yoga for other conditions

Clinical Guidelines

• Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline   (Annals of Internal Medicine)

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• Yoga for Health—Systematic Reviews/Reviews/Meta-analyses   (PubMed®)
• Yoga for Health—Randomized Controlled Trials   (PubMed®)

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NCCIH Clinical Digest is a service of the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH, DHHS. NCCIH Clinical Digest, a monthly e-newsletter, offers evidence-based information on complementary health approaches, including scientific literature searches, summaries of NCCIH-funded research, fact sheets for patients, and more.

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health is dedicated to exploring complementary health products and practices in the context of rigorous science, training complementary health researchers, and disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals. For additional information, call NCCIH’s Clearinghouse toll-free at 1-888-644-6226, or visit the NCCIH website at nccih.nih.gov . NCCIH is 1 of 27 institutes and centers at the National Institutes of Health, the Federal focal point for medical research in the United States.

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Department of Movement Sciences

Mailing Address: College of Education, Health and Human Sciences University of Idaho 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2401 Moscow, Idaho 83844-2401

Phone: 208-885-7921

Fax: 208-885-5929

Email: [email protected]

Movement Sciences Faculty

Belle baggs, m.f.a., clma, clinical associate professor, co-program coordinator, dance studio co-director, dance, joshua p. bailey, ph.d., associate professor, ismmal coordinator, exercise, sport, and health sciences, jayme baker, dpt, lat, atc, pt, clinical associate professor, director of therapy services ismart clinic, athletic training, russell baker, ph.d., d.a.t., lat, atc, associate director of medical research, clinical associate professor, athletic training, ann brown, ph.d., associate dean of graduate studies, associate professor, director of the human performance laboratory, exercise, sport and health sciences, c.j. brush, ph.d., assistant professor, exercise, sport, and health sciences, scott cheatham, ph.d., dpt, pt, ocs, atc, cscs, clinical assistant professor, athletic training, cate a. egan loiacono, ph.d., associate professor, physical education, program coordinator, director of the physical activity pedagogy laboratory, exercise, sport, and health sciences, brian fowler, ph.d., clinical assistant professor, recreation, sport, and tourism management, emma grindley, ed.d., instructor, internship coordinator, exercise, sport, and health sciences, samantha hanna, dat, lat, atc, clinical assistant professor, clinical education coordinator, athletic training, sydney leverett, dat, lat, atc, temporary faculty, erik luvaas, clinical assistant professor; program director, cdhd, melanie meenan, m.f.a., basi, alan nasypany, ed.d., lat, atc, clinical associate professor, david paul, ph.d., professor, exercise, sport, and health sciences, philip w. scruggs, ph.d., department chair, associate professor, movement sciences, sharon stoll, ph.d., professor, director of the center for ethics, recreation, sport, and tourism management, chantal a. vella, ph.d., professor, interim program coordinator, director of the exercise physiology research laboratory, exercise, sport, and health sciences.

208-885-6273

Contact Belle Baggs

Movement Sciences EHHS University of Idaho 875 Perimeter Drive Moscow, ID 83844-2401

View Full Profile

College of Education, Health and Human Sciences

Movement Sciences

Anusara Yoga Teaching Certificate, Yoga Alliance (Tiffany Wood), in progress

Masters of Fine Arts (M.F.A), University of Utah, Modern Dance, 2011

Certified Laban Movement Analyst (C.L.M.A.), Integrated Movement Studies, 2010

• DAN385: Dance Composition II 
• DAN416/216/105: Modern Dance Technique
• DAN321: Dance Pedagogy
• DAN100: Dance in Society (Fall)
• DAN210/410: Dance Performance
• DAN412: Dance Choreography
• DAN422: Laban Movement Analysis
• DAN490: Senior Project
• DAN101: Freshman/Transfer Seminar

208-885-1054

Contact Joshua Bailey

875 Perimeter Drive Moscow, ID 83844-2401

• Ph.D., University of Nevada Las Vegas, Kinesiology — Biomechanics, 2017
• M.S., University of Nevada Las Vegas, Kinesiology — Biomechanics, 2014
• B.S., University of Nevada Las Vegas, Kinesiology — Fitness Management, 2012

208-885-1055

Contact Jayme Baker

• DPT, Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, 2012
• B.S., Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton, Program of Study: Athletic Training, 2008

WWAMI Medical Education Building 131

208-885-2065

Contact Russell Baker

Doctor of Philosophy in Education, University of Idaho (2017) Program of Study: Movement Sciences – Sport & Exercise Psychology

Doctor of Athletic Training, University of Idaho (2013)

Master of Science in Physical Education, Florida State University (2009) Program of Study: Sport Management — Athletics Administration

Master of Science in Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton (2007) Program of Study: Special Studies — Athletic Training Education

Bachelor of Science in Human Sciences, Florida State University (2003) Major: Athletic Training/Sports Medicine

208-885-7986

Contact Ann Brown

875 Perimeter Drive MS 2401 Moscow, ID 83844-2401

• Ph.D., Exercise Physiology, Florida State University, 2016

208-885-2970

Contact Christopher Brush

875 Perimeter Dr. Moscow, ID 83844-2401

College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences

• Ph.D., Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, 2019
• B.S., Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, Exercise Science & Sport Studies, 2014

[email protected]

• Doctorate of Philosophy in physical therapy, Nova Southeastern University, 2016
• Doctorate of physical therapy, Chapman University, 2004
• Bachelor of Arts in athletic training, California State University Dominguez Hills, 1997

208-885-1053

Contact Cate Egan

• Ph.D., University of South Carolina, Physical Education, emphasis in Pedagogy
• M.S., University of Wisconsin La Crosse, Physical Education Pedagogy, emphasis in Adventure Education, 2011
• B.S., Appalachian State University, Recreation Management, 2005

208-885-2165

Contact Brian Fowler

• Ph.D., University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, Sport and Exercise Science: Sport Administration — Doctoral Minor: Applied Statistics & Research Methods, 2021
• M.A., Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, Sport & Athletic Administration, 2017
• B.S., Chico State University, Chico, CA, Business Administration — Management emphasis, 2010
• A.A., Treasure Valley Community College, Ontario, OR, Oregon Transfer Degree, 2008
• RSTM 280: Practicum in Recreation, Sport, and Tourism
• RSTM 425/525: Programming and Marketing in Movement and Leisure Sciences
• RSTM 498: Undergraduate Internship in Recreation
• RSTM 598: Graduate Internship in Recreation, Sport, and Tourism

208-885-2181

Contact Emma Grindley

Ed.D., Sport and Exercise Psychology, West Virginia University, May 2005

M.A., Community Counseling, West Virginia University, May 2005

M.S., Human Performance, Frostburg State University, May 2000

B.S. (Honors), Sport Studies, University of Wolverhampton, June 1996

208-885-7921

Contact Sam Hanna

• D.A.T., University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, Athletic Training, 2020
• M.S., University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, Kinesiology, 2018
• B.S., University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, Athletic Training, 2016

Contact Erik Luvaas

College of Education

• Ph.D., University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, Education, Health and Human Sciences: Healthy Active Lifestyles, 2019
• M.A., California State University, Chico, CA, Recreation Administration, 2010
• B.S. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, Recreation/Recreation Therapy, 2007

208-885-2184

Contact Melanie Meenan

Movement Sciences EHHS University of Idaho Moscow, ID 83844-2401

• M.F.A., Dance, University of Oregon, 2013
• BASI, Comprehensive Pilates Teacher Certification, 2008
• M.A., Dance Performance, Laban, 2005
• B.F.A., Dance, University of Wyoming, 2003
• B.A., Journalism, University of Wyoming, 2003
• DAN 416/216/116/516: Modern Dance Technique (All levels)
• DAN 416/216/116/516: Ballet Technique (All levels)
• DAN 100: Dance in Society
• DAN 101: Dance Seminar
• DAN 210: Dance Performance
• DAN 211: Dance Conditioning
• DAN 284: Dance Improvisation
• DAN 324: Integrated Movement Practices
• DAN 384: Dance Composition I
• DAN 410: Pre-Professional Dance Performance
• DAN 412: Choreography Lab
• DAN 421: Dance History & Contemporary Views
• DAN 490: Senior Project
• PEB 106: Pilates

208-885-2185

Contact Alan Nasypany

University of Idaho, College of Education P.O. Box 442401 Moscow, Idaho 83844-2401

Ed.D., West Virginia University, West Virginia, 2005

M.Ed., Frostburg State University, Maryland, 2000

B.S., Wingate University, North Carolina, 1998

208-885-5537

Contact David Paul

• Ph.D., Exercise Physiology, The Ohio State University, 1999
• M.S., Exercise Science, East Tennessee State University, 1995
• B.Ed., Physical Education, Purdue University, 1993
• PEP 100: Introduction to Exercise Science & Health
• PEP 418: Physiology of Exercise
• PEP 455: Design and Analysis of Research in Movement Sciences
• PEP 518: Advanced Physiology of Exercise

Contact Philip Scruggs

College of Education; Department Movement Sciences 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 2401 Moscow, ID 83844

• Ph.D., Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, 2001
• M.S., Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, 1996
• B.A., Exercise and Sport Studies, University of Texas – Arlington, 1994
• PEP 523: Physical Activity Assessment and Enrichment

208-885-2103

Contact Sharon Stoll

University of Idaho, College of Education P.O. Box 443080 Moscow, Idaho 83844-3080

• Ph.D., Sport Pedagogy and Character Education, Kent State University, 1980
• M.Ed., Sport Pedagogy and Character Education, Kent State University, 1970
• M.S., Recreation, Leadership, College of the Ozarks, 1968
• REC 260: Foundations of Leisure and Society
• ISEM 101: Sports and Society

208-885-2189

Contact Chantal Vella

Department of Movement Sciences 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2401 Moscow, ID 83844-2401

• Ph.D., Exercise Science, University of New Mexico
• M.S., Kinesiology and Exercise Science, California Polytechnic State University
• B.S., Nutritional Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
• PEP 493: Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription
• PEP 563: Physical Activity, Health, and Cardiometabolic Disease
• MEDS 504: Health Disparities in Medicine
• ISEM 301: Disparities in Obesity and Health

Professor Emeritus

Helen brown, rd, mph.

Contact Helen Brown

Helen Brown's Nicaragua website

M.P.H., Public Health Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1983

B.S., Community Nutrition, University of California Davis, 1980

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Biallelic loss of 7q34 ( trb ) and 9p21.3 ( cdkn2a / 2b ) in adult ph-negative acute t-lymphoblastic leukemia.

1. Introduction

2.1. biallelic deletions in the study cohort, 2.2. association between 7q34 loss and clonal trb rearrangement, 2.3. association between 7q34 and 9p21.3 losses and mrd status at day 70, 3. discussion, 4. materials and methods, 5. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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• van Dongen, J.J.; Langerak, A.W.; Brüggemann, M.; Evans, P.A.; Hummel, M.; Lavender, F.L.; Delabesse, E.; Davi, F.; Schuuring, E.; García-Sanz, R.; et al. Design and standardization of PCR primers and protocols for detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene recombinations in suspect lymphoproliferations: Report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936. Leukemia 2003 , 17 , 2257–2317. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]

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Share and Cite

Risinskaya, N.; Abdulpatakhov, A.; Chabaeva, Y.; Aleshina, O.; Gladysheva, M.; Nikulina, E.; Bolshakov, I.; Yushkova, A.; Dubova, O.; Vasileva, A.; et al. Biallelic Loss of 7q34 ( TRB ) and 9p21.3 ( CDKN2A / 2B ) in Adult Ph-Negative Acute T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 , 25 , 10482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910482

Risinskaya N, Abdulpatakhov A, Chabaeva Y, Aleshina O, Gladysheva M, Nikulina E, Bolshakov I, Yushkova A, Dubova O, Vasileva A, et al. Biallelic Loss of 7q34 ( TRB ) and 9p21.3 ( CDKN2A / 2B ) in Adult Ph-Negative Acute T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 2024; 25(19):10482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910482

Risinskaya, Natalya, Abdulpatakh Abdulpatakhov, Yulia Chabaeva, Olga Aleshina, Maria Gladysheva, Elena Nikulina, Ivan Bolshakov, Anna Yushkova, Olga Dubova, Anastasia Vasileva, and et al. 2024. "Biallelic Loss of 7q34 ( TRB ) and 9p21.3 ( CDKN2A / 2B ) in Adult Ph-Negative Acute T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 19: 10482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910482

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• v.35(3); Jan-Mar 2016

The history of the development of Ayurvedic medicine in Russia

Boris vladimirovich ragozin.

Department of Ayurveda, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

Ayurveda is one of the world's oldest medical sciences, with a history that goes back more than 5,000 years. The knowledge of Ayurveda has at various times had an impact on a number of branches of medicine: From ancient Greek medicine in the West to the Chinese and Tibetan in the East. Ayurveda continues to retain its prominent position in our modern world, being officially recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and enjoying great popularity in the US, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. In India, Ayurveda is recognised by conventional medicine on a par with modern medical science. In the Soviet Union a strong interest in Ayurveda arose for the first time after the Chernobyl disaster, and since then Ayurveda has been actively developing in Russia. In this article we present the chronology of the development of Ayurvedic medicine in Russia since 1989, explore academic literature on the subject available in Russian and review the existing Ayurvedic products and services offered on the Russian market.

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is one of the world's oldest medical sciences, with a history that goes back more than 5,000 years. The knowledge of Ayurveda has at various times had an impact on a number of branches of medicine: From ancient Greek medicine in the West to the Chinese and Tibetan in the East. Ayurveda continues to retain its prominent position in the modern world, being officially recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and enjoying great popularity in the US, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. In India, Ayurveda is recognised by conventional medicine on a par with modern medical science. In the Soviet Union a strong interest in Ayurveda arose for the first time after the Chernobyl disaster, and since then Ayurveda has been actively developing in Russia. In this article we present the chronology of the development of Ayurvedic medicine in Russia since 1989, explore academic literature on the subject available in Russian and review the existing Ayurvedic products and services offered on the Russian market.

In 1989, after the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident, Soviet doctors began to express strong interest in Ayurveda for the first time. The negotiations between the governments of India and the USSR resulted in the opening of an Ayurvedic medical center in Minsk. Ayurvedic practitioners invited from India had been tasked with treating children affected by the explosion at the nuclear power plant, as well as with developing ways of treating radiation sickness.[ 1 ]

In 1990 a special department of the Ministry of Healthcare of the former USSR was created in order to integrate traditional Ayurvedic medicine into the Russian healthcare system. In the same year, Ayurvedic medicine course was introduced in Moscow with the support of the Ministry of Healthcare of the USSR. Some 300 doctors were trained and 300 academic certificates were issued.

In 1991 the first Russian professional medical association of practitioners of traditional and folk medicine (Russian Association of Traditional Medicine) was registered with the aim of training and registering practitioners of traditional and Oriental medicine.

From 1996 to 1998 Ayurveda was included in the state “register of medical practices” and was subject to licensing. Unfortunately, after 2003 these licenses were not renewed. For unknown reasons, the ministerial department for integration was disbanded and in 1998, despite a very positive experience of its practice in Russia, Ayurveda was excluded from the list of medical activities.

From 1996 to 2005 the first Ayurvedic medical center called “NAAMI” headed by Dr. S. A. Mayskaya was active in Moscow. Several Ayurvedic practitioners from India, including Noushad Ali Tachaparamban (Doctor of Medicine), Mohammedali P. K. (Doctor of Medicine) and Unnikrishnan Thacharakkal, practised there. During this period, the center provided medical assistance to over 2000 people.

Between 1996 and 1998 those affected by the Chernobyl nuclear plant disaster were treated in Moscow by a joint team of Russian doctors and Ayurvedic practitioners from India led by Noushad Ali Tachaparamban. Ayurvedic methods of treatment were applied to 85 patients. The most common complaints presented by patients were headaches, sleep disorders, pain in the joints and spine, irritability and fatigue, all characteristic of radiation damage. Many patients also manifested symptoms of gastritis, enterocolitis, peptic ulcers, high blood pressure, significant immune deficiency and signs of osteoporosis. Over the course of 2 – 3 months these patients received comprehensive Ayurvedic therapy. As a result, the majority of patients showed an improvement in their subjective well-being, complete relief from headaches and joint pain, a halt of the degenerative processes and better tissue regeneration, while all patients have demonstrated a significant increase of immunity and reduction in the number of respiratory infections.[ 2 ]

In 1996 – 1998 the Institute of Medical and Social Rehabilitation held 9–month–long courses as part of the programme called “The fundamental principles of Ayurveda” as well as a year-long course called “The introductory course to Ayurveda”. The courses were taught by Noushad Ali Tachaparamban together with Professor of Ayurvedic medicine Agnivesh K.R. Over a period of two years, more than 50 Russian doctors have completed the course.[ 1 ]

Between 1996 and 998 Ayurvedic doctors under the supervision of doctors of allopathic medicine have treated 105 children aged between 3 and 16 years old at the Moscow Research Institute of Paediatrics and Paediatric Surgery of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. The positive results of this treatment have been documented. The research included children with bronchial asthma,[ 3 ] gastrointestinal disorders, cerebral palsy, vegetative-vascular dystonia and scoliosis. Throughout the treatment the children's medical condition was monitored on a daily basis using a wide range of clinical, laboratory and instrumental electrophysiological methods (EEG, REG, ECG, ultrasound, x-ray etc.). After the inpatient treatment, the observation continued on an outpatient basis. After their treatment using Ayurvedic methods that included herbal remedies, massage and yoga, 95% of the children have demonstrated high and fairly stable (up to 2 years) clinical results in connection with their primary disease and related complaints such as headaches, vestibulopathy, sleep disorders, fatigue as well as psychoemotional irritability etc. Children with cerebral palsy have demonstrated improved coordination, increased muscle strength, enhanced gait stability as well as better hemodynamics and an improved performance of the bioelectrical activity of the brain.[ 1 ] The Ayurvedic Rasāyana method has also proved its positive effect on 32 children diagnosed with oligophrenia. The children have demonstrated improvements in their behaviour and mental state as well as their immune and physical development.[ 2 ]

During the Ayurvedic treatment, in addition to complete relief from complaints and regression of the main clinical symptoms, there was also a noted positive dynamics of somatic manifestations and neurological disorders, and an improvement in cerebral hemodynamics, which proves a direct and positive effect of the treatment during all stages of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Not a single child has manifested any complications, side effects, toxic or allergic reactions to the Ayurvedic medications used. The experience of applying Ayurvedic methods in paediatrics has demonstrated the possibility of their use and their effectiveness in treating a number of diseases.

Moreover, a whole range of methods used in Ayurvedic medicine was developed and adapted for paediatric practice by A. V. Kapustin et al .[ 4 ]

The Head physician of the Moscow Research Institute of Paediatrics and Paediatric Surgery of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, the Honoured Doctor of the Russian Federation Osokina G. G. has concluded that it would be useful to continue studying long-term results of Ayurvedic treatment methods and exploring the possibilities of application of these methods in treating other significant diseases in children.

Between 1999 and 2010 a magazine called “Ayurveda – the science of life” was published in St. Petersburg. Its editor-in-chief, Vetrov I. I.,[ 5 ] has greatly contributed to the development of Ayurvedic and Tibetan medicine in Russia. He also headed the “Dhanvantari” medical center in St. Petersburg, conducted extensive research in the field of Ayurvedic medicine and has written a number of books on the subject.[ 6 ]

From 2002 to 2009 Vetrov I. I. headed the Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine at the Mechnikov State Medical Academy (now the North-Western State Medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov). Dozens of doctors have received training in Ayurveda from Indian and Russian practitioners.

In 2003 the “ Vsya Ayurveda ” (“All about Ayurveda”) educational project, which is still actively running today, was launched. The aim of the project was the development and popularisation of Ayurveda in Russia. As part of the project, the first online Ayurvedic store in Russia was created (ayurvedamarket.ru), which is the largest specialised store on the Russian internet. In 2011 – 2012 a club, a video channel and a community have been established. The authors of the “ Vsya Ayurveda ” project took part in the 2013 Ayurvedic conference and have been organising a yearly Ayurvedic conference since October 2014, gathering all Indian and Russian Ayurvedic doctors and practitioners working in Russia with the aim of popularising Ayurveda in the country.

From 2003 to 2015 an educational course taught by Prof. Subotyalov M. A. was offered by the Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University. During this period, the course was taken by some 750 people, including 150 practitioners of modern medicine. Since 2015 the program is being continued within the framework of the National Ayurvedic Medical Association (NAMA). The association is engaged in training specialists and conducting research in the field of Ayurvedic medicine.

In 2005 the Ayurveda Russia–India Association (ARIA) was created and is still active today. In 2005 more than 40 doctors were taught by the Association with the assistance of the Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education (RMAPO) of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation as part of the course called “The fundamental principles of Ayurveda”. The course was taught by professors of Ayurveda from India, such as Dr. Agnivesh K. R., Dr. Dilipkumar K. V. T. and Dr. Kuldip Kohli.

In 2006, the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation approved a standard programme of further professional education for doctors on the fundamental principles of traditional Ayurvedic medicine (144 hours). The programme was developed by the staff of the Department of non-pharmacological methods of treatment and clinical physiology of the I. M. SechenovFirst Moscow State Medical University and the staff of the Faculty of Organisation of national and international public health of the Department of physical rehabilitation and sports medicine of RMAPO, and was drawn up in accordance with the orders of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Education of the Russian Federation. The programme is aimed at doctors of medical institutions using methods and techniques of traditional medicine.[ 2 ]

In 2006 two Ayurvedic clinics that are still active today were opened in Moscow: “ Atreya ”, founded by Noushad Ali Tachaparamban, Doctor of Ayurveda and Doctor of Medicine, and “ Kerala ”, founded by Dr. Unnikrishnan Thacharakkal. Since 2014 the “ Kerala ” clinic has been headed by Mohammedali P. K. (Doctor of Medicine). At present, over 30 Ayurvedic practitioners work at each clinic (doctors and massage therapists). Since they first opened, the clinics have provided medical assistance to thousands of patients.

In 2007 Ragozin B. V. became the first Russian citizen to have been awarded with a BAMS, Bachelor of Ayurvedic medicine and surgery degree at Gujarat Ayurved University (Jamnagar, India). He has also completed the BNYT (Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yoga Therapy) yoga therapy course and was awarded with a Doctor of Medicine in Alternative Medicines M.D. (A.M.) degree of the Indian Board of Alternative Medicines in Calcutta, India.

From 2009 to 2012 Ragozin B. V. has taught a course called “Ayurvedic medicine” at the Department of further professional education at the Faculty of Medicine of the People's Friendship University of Russia (PFUR) comprising 144 and 504 hours. The course has been completed by over 150 people.

From 2012 to 2014 Ragozin B. V. has taught a course titled “Developing healthy lifestyle and eating habits (Ayurvedic medicine)” consisting of 144 hours and a course of Ayurvedic massage consisting of 72 hours at the Faculty of medicine of PFUR. Over 150 people have received their degree certificates.

Since January 2013 Ragozin B. V. has been heading the Department of Ayurvedic Medicine at the Institute of Oriental Medicine (IOM) founded as part of PFUR. IOM PFUR is a branch of the People's Friendship University of Russia. In the university, apart from the Department of Ayurveda, there are also the Departments of Chinese and Tibetan medicine, phytotherapy and rehabilitation of children and teenagers.

By the time IOM was founded, the Department of Phytotherapy at PFUR was in existence for 12 years. The opening of IOM has spurred a more active co-operation between Russia and India in the field of studying various herbs and their properties. Faculty members work together with a range of Indian pharmaceutical companies, such as “Himalaya Drug Co”, “Indian spices”, “Lupin Limited” etc. During this period, clinical trials of such products as Softovac , Brahmi , One be etc. have been conducted.[ 7 ]

Ragozin B. V. continuously conducts research in the field of yoga and Ayurveda, and has been regularly reporting his findings.[ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]

In 2013, ARIA held a 15-day seminar on “The fundamental principles of Ayurveda”. It was attended by Professors of Ayurveda from India K. V. Jayadevan and M. V. Vinodkumar. Also, 12 physicians received an Indian certificate of having completed the course called “The use of Ayurveda in psychology. The concept of the mind – the psychosomatic aspect” taught by Professors of Ayurveda M. P. Esvara Sharma, K. V. T. Dilipkumar and S. Gopakumar.

In April 2013 Moscow hosted the first All–Russian Congress of Ayurveda with the support of the Healthcare Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the Embassy of India in Russia, the Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy (AYUSH), the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India and the Department of Ayurveda of the government of the state of Maharashtra. Dr. Agnivesh K. R., Dr. Varier P. M., Dr. Jina N. J., Dr. Dilipkumar K. V. T., Dr. Manojkumar A. K., Dr. M. P. Eswara Sharma, Dr. S. Gopakumar, Dr. Mohammed, Dr. Salprakasan, Dr. Srivats N. V., Dr. Ragozin B. V., Prof. Subotyalov M. A. etc. took part in the congress.

In April 2015 the second All-Russian Congress of Ayurveda took place. It was supported by the Healthcare Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the Embassy of India in Russia and the Ministry of AYUSH as well as the Department of Ayurveda of the government of the state of Maharashtra. The Ambassador of India to the Russian Federation P. S. Raghavan addressed the participants at the opening ceremony. He emphasised the importance of the role played by the organisers of the congress – IOM PFUR and ARIA – in the development of Ayurveda in Russia and also spoke about the plans of the government of India to further develop Ayurveda in Russia. In particular, he announced the creation of the AYUSH Information Department at the Consulate of India in Moscow. During the congress, Indian specialists announced plans for its future activities that include: Lectures on Ayurveda, a scholarship programme for Russian students and doctors, plans to establish departments of Ayurveda in various higher education institutions, joint research projects etc.

Ayurveda practitioners from IOM PFUR and ARIA also took part in the XXII Russian National Congress titled “Man and medicine” held in Moscow in 2015 on par with representatives of conventional medicine and of the Russian pharmaceutical market.

In 2014, a Council on traditional/complementary medicine was established as part of the State Duma Committee on Healthcare, uniting experts in Chinese, Tibetan and Ayurvedic medicine. The Council is in the process of preparing an amendment to the Federal Law No. 323-FZ regarding articles on traditional complementary medicine, introduction of new professional qualifications, including Ayurvedic, and the regulation of drug registration in these areas.[ 1 ]

July 1, 2015 saw the introduction of a new National Classification of Occupations (NOC): OK 010 – 2014 (ISCO-08), which formally regulates activities in the field of Ayurvedic medicine and officially recognises such terms as “Ayurvedic medicine”, “doctor of Ayurvedic medicine”, “specialist in Ayurvedic medicine” and so forth.

AYURVEDIC LITERATURE AVAILABLE IN RUSSIAN

An important contribution to the translation of Ayurveda–related texts into Russian and the formation of basic Ayurvedic terminology was made by the “Sattva” publishing house that has published a number of translated works by prominent Western and Indian authors. Among them are such books as “Ayurvedic Healing” and “Ayurveda and the Mind: The Healing of Consciousness” by David Frawley, “Ayurvedic cooking for self-healing”, “Secrets of the Pulse: The Ancient Art of Ayurvedic Pulse Diagnosis”, “The Complete Book of Ayurvedic Home Remedies” and “The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal Medicine” by Vasant Lad as well as “Hidden Secret of Ayurveda”, “Prakriti: Your Ayurvedic Constitution”, “Ayurveda: Life, Health, and Longevity” by Robert Svoboda and many others.

With a shortage of translated texts and lack of work with Ayurvedic information sources, the Russian-language basic terminology in Ayurvedic medicine began to be formed. Prof. M. A. Subotyalov has published a large number of studies for the Russian-speaking audience on the history of Ayurveda, its sources, characteristics, methods and basic concepts. Numerous articles and monographs have also been published. A monograph titled “Ayurveda: Sources and characteristics” (Subotyalov M. A., Druzhinin V. Y.)[ 14 ] became the first major textbook on the history and methodology of Ayurveda for Russian-speaking students.

There is also a terminology research by the associate professor at Moscow State University Bogatyryova I. I. exploring the vocabulary in ancient Indian medical treatises.[ 15 ]

Overall, despite a large number of popular articles and literature, high-quality translations of fundamental medical treatises of Ayurveda from Sanskrit into Russian are few and far between. It is an area of study that could greatly benefit from more research efforts.[ 14 ]

AYURVEDIC PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN RUSSIA

The Russian system of registration of medicines doesn’t single out products used in traditional or Ayurvedic medicine. That is the reason that a large number of Ayurvedic medicines which are already well established on the Russian market is not taken into account. The Russian healthcare system has long been using such Ayurvedic medicines as Liv – 52 , Cistone and Speman by Himalaya; Linkus , Verona , Bonjigar and Insti by Herbion; One be and Softovac by Lupin Limited; Travisil cough syrup, lozenges and ointment by Plethico Pharmaceuticals Ltd; Dr. Mom cough syrup, ointment and lozenges, and a number of other medicines and dietary supplements. The effectiveness and relevance of Ayurvedic methods is indirectly proven by the steady increase in sales of these products, on average by 25% every year.

A number of biologically active dietary supplements have been developed using the recipes of Ayurvedic medicine, such as Cyavanaprāśa, Triphalā Guggulu, Yogarāja Guggulu etc. Various oils have been created based on Ayurvedic recipes and are now being used by those seeking to maintain good health as well as for hygienic and cosmetic purposes.

Between 1998 and the early 2000s a company called Ayurveda plus was present on the Russian market. It registered a number of Ayurvedic products in Russia, including Revmatogel , Triphalā Guggulu , Arjuna , Yogaraja Guggulu etc. Ayurveda plus imported products by such major manufacturers as Dabur India Limited, Shahnaz Herbals and Bioveda Research Laboratories.

In 2000 – 2002 Ayurveda Plus conducted more than 30 clinical trials confirming the efficiency and safety of the use of Ayurvedic medicines in various areas (surgery, psychiatry, gynaecology, gerontology etc). In the early 2000s the company together with St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical Academy provided training for doctors and practitioners of Ayurveda in order to improve their skills. It also held four international conferences on Ayurvedic medicine. In cooperation with the Academy of Medical and Social Management it has also organised the first international conference called “Eastern and Western medicine – real help”.

Since March 2010 a company called TRADO has been presenting herbal medicinal products and food supplements for various body systems based on Ayurvedic principles manufactured by Bliss Ayurveda to the Russian market.

Since 2013 ProSvet , the company headed by Ragozin B. V. has been active in the field of Ayurveda and has registered a whole range of classic Ayurvedic products. Medicines and supplements made in India are being registered in Russia under Russian names, mostly as biologically active dietary supplements. Among the classic products produced by the company offered in the form of tablets are Nidrodaya rasa (Water-surface), Hingvādi vaṇi (Breath of the Universe), Balya yoga (Living warmth), Chandraprabhā vaṭi (Moonlight), Hṛdayanava rasa (Ray of light), Virecana yoga (Enlightenment), Amṛtāriṣta (Five elements), Brāhmī vaṭi (Equilibrium), Ārogyavardhinī vaṭi (Rainbow), Śvāsahara yoga (Sunrise), Madhumeha hara vaṭi (Power of light), Kañcanāra guggulu (Harmony), Agni vardhaka vaṭi (Sunlight) etc.

Some supplements are produced for ProSvet in the form of kvāthas or herbal decoctions. The following formulas are available in Russia: Madhumehahara (Bio-balance), Brāhmī rasāyana (Harmony), Vāsāriṣṭa (Winter tea), Medohara guggulu (Slimness), Medohara yoga (Slimness plus), Triphalā kvātha (Triphala tea), Mahāmañjiṣṭhādi kvātha (Tsar tea) etc.

A wide range of Ayurvedic oils has been registered by “ProSvet”, including Āmla , Anu , Aśvagandhā , Balā Aśvagandhā , Brāhmī , Vaka , Daśamūla , Mahānārāyaṇa, Koṭṭaṃcukkādi , Piṇḍa , Slimness, Triphalā etc.

Years of use of Ayurvedic products in Russia have demonstrated that Ayurvedic herbal medicines are well tolerated by patients, are efficient, have no side effects except in cases of individual intolerance. However, it is also clear that Russia still lacks Ayurvedic remedies and a large amount of work is required in the field of their registration and description as well as in the area of research and teaching.

THE POPULARITY OF AYURVEDA AMONG RUSSIAN DOCTORS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC

There are about a thousand Spa-centers in Russia and roughly half of them offer services based on Ayurvedic techniques (different types of Ayurvedic massage, herbal steam baths etc.). Russian doctors are also eager to use some of the Ayurvedic preventive, therapeutic and rehabilitation methods and medicines in their medical practice, and to refer their patients to registered Ayurvedic centers in order to achieve better results. Russian patients, adults and children alike, have a positive attitude towards and a good response to Ayurvedic methods and techniques that have proven to be successful both as complementary and as alternative treatment.[ 1 ]

The Russians are increasingly turning to Ayurvedic practitioners and their methods for treatment of chronic diseases and rehabilitation after serious illnesses, although less so for prevention and health maintenance. There has been a large increase in the public interest in Ayurvedic treatments. While the number of those who turned to Ayurvedic methods and techniques in 1995 was some 2,000 people, today this number has reached several thousand, with an approximate annual growth of about 100%.

Every year, up to 10,000 Russian citizens travel to India for treatment and improving their general health – and that is to the state of Kerala alone.[ 1 ]

Numerous medical centers using Ayurvedic methods of diagnosis and treatment keep opening in Russia. Courses are being taught on some branches of Ayurvedic medicine and disease prevention methods. Texts on various aspects of Ayurvedic medicine are regularly published. Academic and research issues regarding the theory and practice of Ayurvedic medicine are widely discussed at all Russian and international congresses and conferences (St. Petersburg, 2004; Krasnoyarsk, 2009; Novosibirsk, 2011 – 2013; Moscow, 2013, 2015; Volgograd, 2013 etc).

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Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.