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Campus Newspapers: Withstanding the Journalism Digital Crisis

By Maggie Eastland

Published: July 31, 2021

When I arrived on the Notre Dame campus this August, I noticed something that I had not seen a single time all summer—a printed newspaper. The Observer student newspaper was littered throughout the campus. In an era when journalism is shifting production to online media and websites, the prevalence of the printed newspaper on Notre Dame’s campus seemed like a step back in time. A bit of a technophobe myself, I relished reading the printed newspaper; however, I couldn't help but wonder why this campus newspaper had not been swallowed by online media like its mainstream paper counterparts. Is there some advantage campus papers have over mainstream papers that allows them to thrive, or are these printed copies simply prolonging their inevitable extinction? The answer to this question is important for college students involved in the campus newspaper, future journalists, and even current journalists who can learn from the unique situation of the campus newspaper. Despite the ever-changing journalism industry, the campus newspaper, both online and in-print, finds more success than the traditional newspaper because it caters to a specific audience, reaps the benefits of an advertising advantage, serves an educational purpose that encourages donations, and maintains readership by offering papers for free and highlighting local, personal news stories. For these reasons, campus newspapers will continue to thrive, though with some integration of new technology mediums.

In the past few decades, mainstream news has taken a huge hit to profit. Pew Research Center shows that advertising and circulation revenues have dropped steeply since 2006 with very little revenue coming from printed papers (Barthel) and employment in U.S. newsrooms has dropped by half between 2008 and 2019 (Grieco). Despite these industry trends, campus newspapers don’t seem to be laying off staff or reducing circulation at the same drastic rate. In fact, according to Rutgers journalism professor Steve Miller, Alloy Media+Marketing New York “found that 82% of students read their campus newspaper, a rate that more than doubles most major metro dailies” (Miller 10). Despite a need for additional, more recent studies, Miller’s work on campus newspapers sharply contrasts the trends shown by Pew Research Center’s data for mainstream papers, leading to the conclusion that campus newspapers have some inherent advantage over mainstream newspapers.

Several factors set campus newspapers apart and allow them to continue successful circulation. First, college campuses are composed of a very particular audience. Every student on a college campus is pursuing higher education, meaning they have already displayed a thirst for knowledge and an interest in the world. Naturally, this population will be more inclined to read the news, and thus, advertisers are more likely to pay for ads in the campus paper. Data from the Pew Research Center demonstrates how newspaper readership increases as individuals reach higher levels of education. The study compared the readership of high school graduates, those who completed some college, college graduates, those who completed some post graduate, and post graduates from 1999 to 2006. Although readership as a whole sloped downward, findings showed that a higher level of education correlated to higher levels of readership (“Daily Newspaper Readership by Education”). This conclusion suggests one possible reason that college newspapers have survived longer than mainstream papers -- campus newspapers have a concentrated audience of active, engaged individuals who have already chosen the path to higher education. Miller’s study corroborates this evidence for the college newspaper, finding that “more than half (55%) of students reported reading the newspaper in the last week, and close to 30% reported reading every issue” (Miller 10). Journalism scholars Jeremy Lipschultz and Michael Hilt confirm Miller’s findings in their work Predicting Newspaper Readership on the Campus Community . After conducting a phone survey of 402 respondents, some students, some teachers, and some employees, Lipschultz and Hilt concluded that a large majority, “92.0% of students, 97.9% of faculty, and 94.1% of staff reported reading the community daily newspaper” (Lipschultz & Hilt 1052). Based on these numbers, the researchers also noticed that individuals with more education were more likely to read the paper (Lipschultz & Hilt 1053), further proving data from the Pew Research Center. Although the report was compiled in 1999, the data still depicts the high level of readership on college campuses today, especially given the fact that electronic and other media were available to students and professors during that time. Taken together, the Pew Research Center data and the evidence of high readership from Lipschultz, Hilt, and Miller show that the specific audience available on a college campus contributes to the continued success and high readership levels of campus newspapers.

This engaged, filtered audience makes it easier for the paper to maintain strong readership; however, it also helps the campus paper make more revenue through advertising. Miller mentions how only 13% of college students reported avoiding advertisements and 80% of students actually report responding to ads (Miller 10). This research suggests that access to a targeted audience, such as a specific group of college students, strongly appeals to advertisers. Despite their limited income, college students are still large spenders, making them an attractive market to advertisers. Additionally, many companies seek to advertise to college-age communities because they are brand-loyal, geographically stable, and responsive to ads (“Marketing to College Students”). Knowing such a high percentage of readers will notice and respond to advertisements, companies are naturally more willing to pay for ads in campus newspapers. Based on published advertising rates for The Observer , national companies are willing to pay up to $1240 for a full-page printed ad and up to $12 per thousand page views for an online ad (“Rate Card 2019-2020” 3). In contrast, ad revenues for mainstream newspapers have dried up as companies turn to other avenues of Internet advertising, which provide a larger audience and more opportunities to target specific consumers (Kuttner). Campus newspapers, on the other hand, still have some appeal for advertisers over alternate Internet ads because they guarantee the ad will reach a specific population of college students. The combination of a targeted audience and high level of readership helps campus papers remain afloat while traditional papers, facing a much broader, less specified audience, rapidly lose ad revenue and subscription fee profits. Advertisers realize that college students still read the newspaper, and many want to access that specific audience; thus, campus newspapers benefit from these ad revenues and maintain strong circulation.

On top of the concentrated audience, high level of readership, and potential for advertising, campus newspapers have yet another advantage over traditional newspapers that is a direct result of their role in journalism education. While most academics agree that the modes of journalism are changing, many hold fast to the idea that what characterizes good journalism remains unmoved. In his discussion on adapting journalistic education to meet new technologies, journalism academic Martin Hirst contends that while social media skills help a journalist succeed, writing, editing, note-taking, and interviewing skills are still essential (Hirst 447). These critical skills are best formulated and practiced by learning how to write for an actual newspaper. As Roger Pace, Ph.D., of the Communication Studies Department at the University of San Diego is quoted in a University Wire Article, “the best of the online news sources are staffed by trained reporters who were schooled in journalism and ethics at daily papers” (“Fewer Newspapers on Campus”). This quote suggests that the use of print journalism on college campuses is a necessary step that allows students to apply traditional journalistic practices and principles in future digital jobs. For example, the strict deadlines, formatting, and finality of a printed newspaper teach journalism students valuable lessons and skills that can be applied in non-traditional journalism jobs. Maria Leontaras, Editor-In-Chief for The Observer highlights the fact that newspapers “serve as an excellent way for students to learn about journalism and hone their skills if they are looking to pursue a career in the field after graduation” (Leontaras). Leontaras, Pace, and Hirst all reach a similar consensus that the educational aspects of the campus newspaper are very important, suggesting another reason for the campus newspaper’s success. The learning opportunity presented by print newspapers as well as their ability to leave an important historical record (Leontaras) provide another reason for their continued success and point to another source of revenue generated by donors who want to support the education of future journalists.

While students learn valuable lessons from writing and editing a print newspaper, opportunities for students to practice digital media journalism should not be overlooked, especially since Generation Z, the generation of students in high school and college right now, rely heavily on social media for their news. As one article claims, “a stunning 82% of Gen Z and younger Millennials include among their primary sources Reddit, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Buzzfeed, Instagram, Snapchat and their desktop feed” (Myers). A recent journal article on the news habits of Generation Z confirms Myers’s conclusion by proposing that “Gen Z’s are interested in news and follow news, even though they principally access it through social media” (Click & Schwartz 7). Ignoring the high demand for online news from the college population would be a missed opportunity for the campus newspaper. At the University of Notre Dame, The Observer capitalizes on both print and digital circulation by releasing a printed newspaper three times per week, posting all printed stories on their website, and highlighting top stories on Instagram in conjunction with every print release (Leontaras). Additional evidence shows that campus newspapers such as The Observer once again beat traditional newspapers when it comes to success in the online news sphere.

Research on the use of digital journalism, specifically Twitter, on college campuses shows that campus newspapers are adapting more smoothly than traditional newspapers. Twitter investigators Kris Boyle and Carol Zuenger analyzed the Twitter pages of 25 award-winning campus newspapers, filtering results to determine the “frequency, content, and interactivity of the tweets” (Boyle & Zuenger 12). Unlike mainstream papers, the number of tweets from campus news organizations was strongly correlated with the number of followers, showing that Twitter journalism is more effective on college campuses than it is in mainstream media (Boyle & Zuegner 16). While mainstream newspapers release tweet after tweet, their following does not grow in response. Campus newspapers, on the other hand, face a very responsive audience, gaining more followers the more frequently they tweet. This once again suggests a fundamental difference between audiences, and shows that the active audience on the college campus engages with both printed campus newspapers and digital campus news. In addition, the researchers found that Tweet frequency was positively correlated to publication frequency, implying that newspapers build their Tweets around their print papers (Boyle & Zuegner 16). This style of online journalism mirrors The Observer ’s Instagram posting schedule and supports the claim that paper journalism skills supersede into non-print media, adding value to the campus newspaper. While campus newspapers might begin to use more digital tools, they still experience much greater success with these online platforms than mainstream newspapers due to their targeted audience. Many colleges manage a respectable paper circulation in addition to regular posts on their website, Instagram, and Twitter pages. This development and evidence from Boyle and Zuenger implies that the fundamental advantages of a campus newspaper—audience and educational value—impact both print and digital news formats. For most schools, including Notre Dame, that print newspaper still serves as the centering and grounding force from which digital media arise.

One more key difference between campus newspapers and mainstream newspapers is that campus newspapers are free, or at least not charged for by issue, and stocked around every corner on campus while traditional newspapers require a subscription fee. This means that campus newspapers have to make up even more revenue in advertising and donations in order to offset the free papers. In recent years, the prevalence of social media and online news has tended the narrative that news should be free, but this idea remains somewhat unrealistic. After all, printing papers and paying staff naturally costs a lot of money. Despite the inherent costs of producing a newspaper, evidence shows that college students consider subscription costs a barrier to entry in reading traditional newspapers. After all, why would college students pay for a New York Times subscription when they can simply catch up on all the current events via their Twitter feed? If traditional newspapers were free at the time of reading, like campus newspapers, students would be much more likely to read and engage with them. One survey conducted at the Rochester Institute of Technology mentions how “about 140 colleges in the United States and Canada are experimenting with providing papers to college students” through the College Readership Program in order to boost readership of national news on college campuses (Williams 25). An article published in The Chronicle of Higher Education explores this movement in greater detail through the examination of a specific case study of the College Readership Program at the University of San Diego. The journal article, titled “Free Newspapers Prompt Boom in Campus Readership,” describes how President Graham B. Spanier “arranged to stock the dormitories at all nine residential campuses with open distribution racks carrying the New York Times , USA Today , and the local newspaper” (Reinsberg). The costs are offset by an additional $13 added to room and board costs, and college students now read the mainstream news more often than ever. As the article quantifies, “nearly three-quarters of students read one of the three commercial daily newspapers regularly, at least in part because of their availability” (Reinsberg). This specific example shows that college students take an interest in news; however, the costs of print newspapers present a strong incentive not to read, especially when most news can be sourced for free via social media. This highlights yet another difference between campus and mainstream newspapers that accounts for the relative success of the campus newspaper. Campus papers are free and readily available while mainstream papers require a subscription fee. Even large news outlets recognize the opportunity presented by the captive audience on a college campus and want to capitalize on the unique situation. Ongoing debate surrounds the Collegiate Readership Program as some schools, such as Vanderbilt University, argue that it will destroy campus newspapers and the opportunities they provide for students (Reinsberg). That debate is beyond the scope of this paper; however, the disagreement only testifies to the valuable niche campus newspapers hold and their special advantages in the current news environment.

An article titled “Campus newspapers: hard times, hard choices,” published in the Gateway Journalism Review , highlights this special environment for newspapers, claiming that “the college press has long existed in a kind of alternate universe from the one its commercial counterparts inhabit,” largely due to a concentrated population of educated, involved students (Fiddler). Citing circulation reduction and online shifts at many colleges and universities, the article later argues that this idyllic market for campus news will not last (Fiddler). There is some credibility to the claim that campus newspapers will eventually face the same crisis currently paralyzing traditional newspapers; however, the relatively stable audience demographics, the education-driven approach, and the niche for local news point to the opposite conclusion. While colleges may shift the majority of production to online media, there is no strong evidence to believe that campus newspapers are doomed. Colleges seem to be actually growing more selective in recent years, micro-filtering the audience even further. Additionally, multiple sources contend that Gen-Z’s still have a strong interest in current events despite their changing preference for method of news delivery (Click & Schwartz and Myers). Both of these developments suggest that campus newspapers are not going anywhere. To further disprove the idea that campus newspapers will soon face extinction, the study conducted at the Rochester Institute of Technology finds that college students prefer reading local news in print as opposed to any other type of news (Williams 6). Editor of The Observer , Maria Leontaras emphasizes that the personal appeal of the campus newspaper adds to its popularity, writing in an email interview, “Students also grab physical copies when they are featured in the paper -- families love them” (Leontaras). Since campus newspapers specialize in reporting local campus happenings, the preference for local news in print, presents another reason why campus newspapers will continue to thrive. Finally, the ultimate educational goals of the campus newspaper ensure it will succeed thanks to benefactors and donors who provide the revenue needed to teach students the art of journalism.

Leontaras explains that The Observer receives funding through donations, a small fee added to student costs, and ad revenues both online and in-print (Leontaras). These sources of revenue identify the specific advantages of the campus newspapers for colleges around the nation. First, campus newspapers receive donations because of their educational purpose that mainstream newspapers do not benefit from. In addition, campus newspapers can subtly add a fee to students’ upfront costs so that campus papers are free and accessible at any point during the year. Finally, campus newspapers benefit from a specific, engaged audience that attracts advertisers and increases readership. These advantages and the revenue provided through a unique combination of sources allows The Observer and other student newspapers to remain relevant even as the storm of digital media and declining ad revenues threatens to destroy the outside, real-world newspapers. Understanding these reasons for success will allow current college students who are involved with campus newspapers to continue meeting the needs of their local audience and soliciting supporters for donations in order to preserve the campus newspaper for generations to come. Examining the special case of the campus newspaper and highlighting its causes of success also restores confidence in the campus newspaper’s future for current and future participants and may even provide valuable insight for how traditional newspapers can achieve similar success and stability. For example, mainstream newspapers may want to invest more resources into micro-targeted newspapers to increase readership and create a more attractive audience for advertisers. Traditional newspapers might even attempt to solicit more donations from philanthropists who understand the importance of responsible reporting. Either way, the specific success of the campus newspaper holds important implications for its direct participants and for the journalism industry at large.

Works Cited

Barthel, Michael. “Trends and Facts on Newspapers: State of the News Media.” Pew Research Center's Journalism Project , 4 Feb. 2020, www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/newspapers/.

Boyle, Kris, and Carol Zuegner. “Big Tweets on Campus: College Newspapers’ Use of Twitter.” Teaching Journalism and Mass Communication , vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, pp. 12–21.

Click, Kevin, and Neil Schwartz. “Trending Now: News Habits of Generation Z.” SSRN Electronic Journal , 2018, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3408021.

“Daily Newspaper Readership by Education.” Pew Research Center , 12 Mar. 2007, www.journalism.org/numbers/daily-newspaper-readership-by-education/.

"Fewer Newspapers on Campus." University Wire , Apr 06, 2017 . ProQuest , http://proxy.library.nd.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1885956910?accountid=12874.

Fidler, Eric. "Campus newspapers: hard times, hard choices." Gateway Journalism Review , vol. 42, no. 326, 2012, p. 12+. Gale Academic OneFile Select , https://link.gale.com/apps/

doc/A293666471/ EAIM?u=nd_ref&sid=EAIM&xid=eb9af3eb. Accessed 8 Oct. 2020.

Grieco, Elizabeth. “10 Charts about America's Newsrooms.” Pew Research Center , Pew Research Center, 30 May 2020, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/28/10

-charts-about-americas-newsrooms/.

Hirst, Martin, and Greg Treadwell. “Blogs Bother Me.” Journalism Practice , vol. 5, no. 4, 2011, pp. 446–461., doi:10.1080/17512786.2011.555367.

Kuttner, Robert, and Hildy Zenger. “Saving the Free Press From Private Equity.” The American Prospect , 27 Dec. 2017, prospect.org/health/saving-free-press-private-equity/.

Leontaras, Maria. Personal email interview. 13 October 2020.

Lipschultz, Jeremy H, and Michael L Hilt. Psychological Reports, 1999, pp. 1051–1053, Predicting Newspaper Readership on the Campus Community .

“Marketing to College Students.” Business.com , 2020, www.business.com/articles/marketing-to-college-students/.

Miller, Steve. “Study: College Newspapers Are the Ad Rage on Campus .” Brandweek , 2008, www-proquest-com.proxy.library.nd.edu/docview/218083335/5E6FD9A29C96485BPQ/

2?accountid=12874.

Myers, Jack. “How Generation Z Gets Their News.” The Ripon Society , 16 Feb. 2018, riponsociety.org/article/how-generation-z-gets-their-news/.

“Rate Card 2019-2020.” The Observer , 1 Aug. 2019, ndsmcobserver.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/1568167994-11032662657c922.pdf.

Reisberg, Leo. “Free Newspapers Prompt Boom in Campus Readership.” The Chronicle of Higher Education , 23 July 2020, www.chronicle.com/article/free-newspapers-prompt-boom-in-campus-readership/.

Williams, Kristin A. “Students' Self-Reported Preferences for Print and Online Newspapers.” RIT Scholar Works , Rochester Institute of Technology , 2003, scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3553&context=theses.

Complete a reverse-outline of this essay and analyze the essay’s structure . What is the purpose and function of each paragraph? How are the ideas sequenced? Which ideas get the most space in the essay, and why?

How does this student writer develop their ethos? Point to specific sentences that demonstrate the writer’s trustworthiness, character, and investment in the topic. Then, compare these moves to another research paper published in this edition of Fresh Writing; how are the approaches to cultivating ethos similar? How are they different?

Maggie Eastland

Maggie Eastland is a Michigan native living in Pasquerilla West Hall. She is majoring in Finance and English with a minor in Journalism, Ethics, and Democracy. Her interest in the journalism industry and The Observer student newspaper spurred her research for this essay. Since writing her essay on campus newspapers and community journalism, she joined The Observer and currently works as an Associate News Editor. "Campus Newspapers: Withstanding the Journalism Digital Crisis" examines and reevaluates the supposed death of news in the context of college campus; however, as an aspiring journalist, Maggie hopes her findings can have implications for the industry as a whole and allow news outlets to remain in the business of disseminating truth. Maggie thanks Dr. Erin McLaughlin, her Writing & Rhetoric professor, for encouraging her and offering advice throughout the research and writing process.

The ultimate guide for your school newspaper

Schools newspapers are a great way to inform and entertain highschool and college communities, but they are often not taken seriously. Perhaps the reason for that is the fact that some school newspapers are indeed amateurish. But they shouldn’t be. With the right team and with the right tools, it’s possible to produce a highly professional school paper.

It can be a daunting task, at first. There are so many things that you need to do, from team management and training to article writing , photojournalism, design, production and online student publishing. You might need a little help. We are here to provide that. This article is named “the ultimate guide for your school newspaper” because we have covered all the aspects of producing a student newspaper and managing the editorial team.

We simply want you to be a little less stressed, while producing a quality student paper.

This article is for everybody who is involved in the newspaper production, regardless of the role. You’ll find some valuable tips for running and contributing to your school newspaper.

Here’s a quick overview:

Staff management for school newspapers

Types of articles, news writing, newspaper design, school newspaper templates.

• Online student publishing and production  

Organizing a newspaper dream team (even if you’re not an expert)

Let’s talk about the structure of the student newspaper team. What roles must be present in your team? How should you structure it? How many people should be part of the team?

There are many different ways to organize the staff, but you’ll likely end up with a team that is more or less similar to traditional newspaper team structure, with the addition of the faculty advisor.

Let’s take a look at the typical roles in a newspaper team:

• Faculty advisor – gives the final approval to the school paper, is responsible for reading all articles and notifying the staff if a piece is not yet ready for press or if it doesn’t meet the newspaper’s standards
• Reporters (news, sports, photo, opinion, tech) – responsible for staying up to date with the latest and upcoming events happening in school. They should also stay informed on politics, sports, technology or culture according to the department they are in
• Editor / Department editors – editors plan and cover articles, proofread and edit reporter submissions. Department editors are responsible for all the articles that belong in their section and they work closely with the editors and reporters that are in their sections. They should be more experienced than editors, so the department editor role shouldn’t be assigned to a junior student
• Designers + Art director – The design/ art team is in charge of the visual aspect of the newspaper, including layouts, illustrations and everything that is related with the visual aspects. The art director oversees the entire design process, so he works closely with the designers
• Photo reporters + photo editor – in smaller teams the role of the photo editor is not necessarily required, because his responsibilities can be covered by the art director
• Production manager – responsible of setting the production schedule and making sure the all departments are meeting deadlines for copy, design, editing, proofreading and so on. He communicates directly with the printing house and with the technical department
• Technical staff – the technical department publishes the newspaper on the website. The online version of your newspaper can be an identical copy of the printed one, or you can decide to publish the articles on your website in a different format
• Business / Advertising – if you run ads in your school paper, you will need someone to mediate your relationship with advertisers and establish new business connections to grow the advertiser network

If there’s currently no structure in place or you have a very small team, you can start small. Baby steps.

You don’t necessarily need an entire department to cover a role. Sometimes a single student is enough, especially if your school newspaper isn’t long (eg. hire just one designer instead of an entire team + art director). You can also have students take on multiple roles (eg: a student can be both editor and production manager). In some cases the faculty advisor becomes so involved in the production that he acts as a production manager.

Make sure each one of these roles is covered, and start from there. As your team grows you will need more structure and clearly defined roles.

Write clear job descriptions for each role

This way each student will understand his place and purpose in the team, will know exactly who he has to report to, what is expected, duties and responsibilities.

Even though job descriptions are not a standard practice in school newsrooms, writing them will be very rewarding. Yes, it will take some time, but it will not be wasted time, for sure. These job descriptions will help students perform better, and it will make the manager’s role so much easier.

Hiring for school newspapers

Some colleges offer paid positions for the newspaper staff, but most high schools and colleges do not. However, there should still be a “hiring” or selection process in place.

Many students are interested in becoming involved in the production of the school newspaper, for various reasons: it’s fun, it’s a great learning experience, it looks good on college or job applications. That’s what it’s like to work on a college newspaper!

These are all valid reasons to join the school newspaper crew, but not everybody gets to be a part of it, if there are too many people interested in a position.

The best way to figure out if a student is a great candidate for a job is by interviewing him. These interviews usually take place in the first months of the first semester. After you finish all the interviews select the best candidates and let them know they’ve been selected.

When you’re a part of a student newspaper team, you know that you’ll be there for limited amount of time. The team will change every single year: the most experienced student journalists will graduate and leave the school, and a new of inexperienced juniors will need onboarding. This is why training and onboarding is a never ending process in the school newsroom. It’s a fact of life, and it’s definitely a challenge, but it can be dealt with.

Encourage the more experienced team members to train and coach the new hires. But oftentime, that won’t be enough, because not everyone is willing to take on this responsibility. Sometimes, they might need a little push. You might need to assign a trainer for each new person that joins the team.

You can also invest time in creating a coaching manual for trainers and guideline manuals for trainees. It will simplify the onboarding process and reduce the hours spent coaching new colleagues.

Ground rules

College newspapers function under the protection of the First Amendment, so students can truly express themselves and their opinions, even when their views are contradictory to those of the school. Yet, that doesn’t mean that the school has no control whatsoever over what gets to be published. The faculty advisor has the legal right to impose certain rules and standards, if the purpose is educating students.

If the faculty advisor isn’t happy with the quality of an article he may suggest edits or reject it altogether. This doesn’t mean that he’s censoring free speech.

There should also be some ground rules regarding copyrights, plagiarism , subjectivism and other sensitive issues such as violence and profanity.

School newspapers and regular newspapers are structured in a similar manner, even though the topics are tailored to the audience. If you need some ideas for articles, take a look at the article types below. It will help you get organized and produce a well rounded newspaper.

School news

News articles should cover various events, policies and other school news that are interesting for students. These news don’t have to be limited to your high school or college. You can write about national and even worldwide news, but only if they provide useful information.

For example, a worldwide student art competition could be the subject of a newspaper article. National laws and legislation regarding schools and education should also be covered in news articles, because they concern all students and will impact their lives. School news should be presented in an objective manner, presenting facts, not rumors or assumptions. They should be based on research and present different points of views.

Feature story

(over 1000 words) Each newspaper edition is likely to have a feature story. It’s the longest article in the paper, and the most in-depth. Feature stories revolve around facts, but they take a story to the next level by presenting context, quotes, reasons why it happened, ramifications of the story and implications. The article shouldn’t involve personal bias. It should be based on an elaborate investigation made by the journalist, interviewing multiple accounts. However, the feature isn’t limited to facts, it gives the journalist a little room for interpretation and embedding his opinion in the piece, in a subtle way.

The topic varies. It could be some big news, an in-depth analysis of a social school phenomenon, a new policy or something else.

(under 500 words)

Unlike the previous 2 types of articles, the editorial is an opinion piece. Still, the writer shouldn’t express his own views, but the opinion of the entire editorial staff.

For that reason, the editorial is usually not signed. It’s a piece of commentary that appears to be written by an entire team. That’s why the writer/ editor shouldn’t talk about himself using the singular form of the first person: I, me, myself.

The editorial should be entertaining or argumentative. In order to achieve that you can start by making a claim that could be controversial, then proceed by explaining your reasons and clarifying your claim. This flow will keep readers engaged. Some of them will agree with your point of view. Others won’t, but that’s alright. The purpose is to challenge readers.

Topics: school rules, policies, teaching methods, advice, announcements, school news

Just like editorials, columns are opinion-based articles. The content and topics are very much like an editorial. But the main difference between an editorial piece and a column is the signature. The editorial goes unsigned because it represents the collective views of editorial staff, but the columnist will publish his piece under his name. That’s why columnists can write about their opinions using the singular form of the first person. Sometimes an editor will publish a series of articles on the same topic/ similar topics, through several issues.

All of the big newspapers publish reviews because they help the general public make decisions. There’s no reason why school newspaper shouldn’t publish review articles on various topics: school textbooks, movies, books, or even classes.

Start by writing a short description of the thing that you are reviewing. Then add details about your personal experience. Include details about pros, cons, value for the money, performance mentions of other reviews, comparison to similar products. Try to be as objective and unbiased as possible.

Don’t forget to write a conclusion in which you summarize the review and give a verdict: whether you would recommend the product or not.

Promotional pieces

Companies pay money to have advertorials inserted in newspapers. The school context is different, but you will still need to include some promotional articles every once in a while. It may be for the school’s art or sports club, for a conference organized by the school or for a different event.

Your article should offer useful details about the event/ club that is promoted and it should also present the benefits it offers for students in order to encourage them to participate / join a program / buy a ticket.

Educational articles

This category includes tutorials and how-to articles with useful tips. Topics vary, but they should be school related, at least slightly. Here are a few examples: how to deal with stress, mnemonic learning techniques, tips for integrated digital learning, utilizing school resources, etc. These types of articles will help students deal with certain issues that almost everybody encounters.

If you have a talented illustrator in your crew, you should make the most of his skills. Assign a space in your newspaper’s layout specifically for the cartoon. The topic should be something school related, something that students can relate to. The cartoon will put a smile on the reader’s face.

Producing a professional school newspaper requires many skills and great teamwork. But building a team of talented journalists takes time and training. If you’re working with inexperienced student reporters and editors, you should start by teaching them the most basic news writings principles. Every journalist should know these.

The inverted pyramid style

The inverted pyramid refers to a very specific structure of a news article, which places the most important information at the beginning of the story. The information that is less vital to the reader’s understanding comes later in the story. This is how you should present school news.

The first paragraph which contains the most important details is “the lead”. The lead contains a very short and concise summary of the story. They should make sure that the first paragraph provides answers to the “5 Ws”:

Continue with a few paragraphs that contain other important details of the story.

Writers should also integrate relevant quotes from their interviews with witnesses, sources or other people involved in the event. The next paragraphs should include other general or background information.

Students decide what articles interest them from the school newspaper by simply scanning the newspaper and reading headlines. Every great writer understands the importance of a good, attention-grabbing headline, and young journalists should know it too.

A well written headline is acts as a hook that makes readers want to read the entire piece. There are different types of headlines: humourous, mysterious, informative. The headline’s style should match the article. There are many other things to consider, but you can start by reading these tips for writing great headlines .

There’s a lot of work that goes into an article. Sometimes the journalist has to gather all the information himself. In other cases, it involves interviewing witnesses or experts. There’s also that scenario in which the student will do research and find useful information in books, websites or other publications.

Regardless of how you collect data, you should always cite your source. It will add credibility to your story. It goes without saying that all journalists, including students, should check the reliability of their sources. Don’t just pick up information from dubious online sites.

In some cases your sources will ask you to protect their identity. It will probably not happen very often in the school context, but if they do, you must respect their wish.

Editing and proofreading

Make sure that the most experienced editors are reviewing and editing every article before publication. Obviously, the writer should be the first person to edit and check for spelling & grammar mistakes. But that’s not enough, not if you have high standards for your school’s paper (which… you should).

Submit each piece for peer review. The reviewer should analyze grammar, spelling, tone and voice, as well as other standards imposed by the production manager. Encourage students to provide useful, objective feedback. Don’t get offended if they make a lot of comments and suggestions. Writing for a school newspaper is a learning experience. You can’t get better if you don’t learn from your mistakes.

Obviously, the reviews should always be made by an experienced editor.

We recommend the art director and production manager to make a style manual because it will help students get familiar with the design guidelines and learn to respect them. The manual might change over time. You don’t have to provide extremely detailed guidelines to make it useful for newspaper design.

The newspaper style guide should cover the general layout, number of pages, font types and sizes, guidelines for photos and cropping. These rules will guarantee some visual consistency for your future newspaper editions. Ask all designers to get familiar with the rules, before they start working on their first assignment. It will help save a lot of time and headaches for the art director/ production manager.

The newsroom is a very busy and exciting place. Everybody works on something, and the production manager has to coordinate everything, making sure the design and the copy complement each other. Communication between designers, art director, editors and production manager is key. It’s challenging, but rewarding at the same time. Designers will work with dummy texts at the beginning, until editors finish their part. It also means that they will have to make edits to the design and make small adjustments so that everything looks great.

If you are a designer working for a school paper, learn about grids, composition and editorial design principles. Your design should look great and provide a great reading experience.

Perfect for online publishing and ready for print

We made a few school newspaper templates that are free to edit online and to publish them digitally. These templates are the perfect solution for very small or inexperienced teams, because they will save you a LOT of time.

Take a look the images below to see some of our school paper templates.

You won’t even need a designer or art director if you know how to edit and adapt these newspaper templates to your needs.

Start editing your favorite newspaper template very easily. Just click on images and register for an account. Then you can customize these layouts in the editor with a simple click on these images.

You can add more pages, duplicate pages, delete pages and do extensive customization.

There’s also another option for advanced designers. They can create their own layouts from scratch in our online editor, starting with blank pages.

Or, you can even upload a ready-made PDF to Flipsnack and we will turn it into a beautiful page-flip document that’s highly shareable.

When you’re done editing, proofreading and you get the final approval from the production manager, you can go ahead and download a PDF copy of the newspaper design on your computer. It requires a premium subscription, but it’s worthed. The downloaded PDF is printable, so you can take it to print right away.

Online student publishing and production

Nowadays many newspapers are digital-only, for various reasons. It completely removes printing costs and it’s eco-friendly. No more paper, no more trees being cut! We think this is a great solution for schools, especially because the young generations of students are digital natives.

If you decide to try online student publishing, you have 2 options: publish the newspaper as a website/ blog or publish it digitally as an online newspaper with turning pages. The second option is probably easier to produce, because it doesn’t require constant updating. The stylish look is an added bonus. And let’s not forget about the fact that you can start from a school newspaper template.

The digital version of your student newspaper is free with Flipsnack. We will host it online on our most secure servers, so you don’t have to worry about hosting (or anything else, for that matter). All you will have to do is share the link with students, or integrate the newspaper in your school’s website (very easily) with the help of the embed code. Anyone can do it, it doesn’t require tech skills.

— Hope you found this useful. What are your biggest challenges in writing for / designing or producing your school’s newspaper?

17 Comments

Thanks for this. As a newly appointed editor in chief (my 1st time), I have to re-access my knowledge about student paper and the ways so I’m glad I found this site!

[…] for the school newspaper is a blessing in disguise. As a kid, you may be scared at the beginning, but after you have written […]

As a newly appointed EIC, I think that being part of the editorial board is an indicator that we are indeed the cream of the crop, a thing that we must really be grateful for. But before proceeding to the complexes, it is vital to know first the basics, thanks to this! :-)

So glad that you found this useful!

This was very helpful!

I really appreciate your tip to have someone be in charge of the layout when you publish your newspaper so it looks natural. My wife and I have been thinking of getting our daughter into the school newspaper so she can make friends. I will be sure to tell her to ask about a layout specialist.

Hello. I find this article useful to my study. I would like to ask for the complete name of the author and the date of its publication so I can have the citation.

Hi Zacharia, here are the requested details: Author name: Janina Moza Date of publication: Feb 8, 2018

What I am looking for for my middle school journalism class is the ability for the students to have access to designing and writing directly on the program and then I complete the final editing before publication. Is this possible with Flipsnack? Can the students have their own individual access to the paper? The last online newspaper we did only allowed for me to do everything.

Hi Shannon! We highly recommend getting a classroom plan for your class: Classroom plan It includes up to 30 connected student accounts, fully controlled by the teacher, so you would be able to do the final editing on their designs. With this plan students can work on projects at the same time in Flipsnack (but the program might not save all their edits properly if they all work on the same project). If you’re looking for a free option, you can use Flipsnack to create projects that are up to 30 pages long, but it will only allow one user account. So you would have to use the same account as the student to log in and make the final edits.

This article is very useful? Thank you so much?

Hello.. thank you so much for sharing you expertise on these matter. I’m so thankful i found this site. I’ve been looking for this kind, a comprehensive guide for a school paper publication. It was so helpful especially for us neophytes.

Thank you very much for your kind words! We also have another article on the same subject. Check it here . Happy reading! :)

Hi. Your blog is easy to comprehend yet substancial. I can’t specifically find a direct answer to this. Can a published newspaper have multilingual articles in one issue? Like the news sections have an article written in full english while other news are in a foreign language. It’s a high school paper by the way. Thanks

Hello, Nory! Yes, you have the total freedom to insert multilingual articles in one issue if you want. Create your high school paper however you want! Have a nice day! :)

Hello, thank you so much for this article. I am about to start a college newspaper and I find the information here helpful

This is good information. It helps to build my confidence in my knowledge about the process of producing a newsletter. Thank you,

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Table of Contents

The role of student publications on campus.

Use:  The video adaptation of this lesson and the script can be used during digital or in-person journalism program orientations, class lectures, or as part of remarks while onboarding new student newspaper staff.

• Complete video adaptation for online teaching (length, 5:52)
• Sample remarks for in-person instruction
• Additional resources for students

The Role of Student Publications on Campus: Video Adaptation

Download in-person instructions

Sample Remarks for In-Person Instruction

Student journalists and publications play a vital role in informing their fellow students about campus events, serving as a check on their school’s administration, and uncovering stories that outside media might miss.

With more and more local news outlets shuttering, many college newspapers are the primary source of information about not only what’s happening on campuses but also their surrounding communities. 

For example, student newspapers across the country covered Black Lives Matter protests of regional and national significance. From The A&T Register at North Carolina A&T State University to The Collegian at California State University Fresno to The Minnesota Daily (a 121-year old student newspaper) at the University of Minnesota, student publications reported on protests on their campuses and across their surrounding communities, shedding light on alleged institutional racism and civil injustice. 

During the pandemic, student publications played a key role in holding administrators and students accountable. For instance, The Michigan Daily exposed a COVID-19 outbreak among the fraternities and sororities at University of Michigan, Arizona State University’s student publication reported on students leaving their dorms while they were supposed to be under quarantine, and the student paper at the University of South Carolina alerted the public to the ways in which the administration was withholding information about COVID-19 clusters. 

Moving forward, student media will continue to have an important role to play.

Types of Student Publications

Publications can have a variety of formats, including print and digital newspapers, student blogs, journals, and class publications.

Most student newspapers fit into one of two broad categories: classroom publications and editorially independent publications.

Classroom papers, sometimes referred to as lab publications, are primarily teaching tools for publishing stories, and the work is usually directed, assigned, and graded by a professor. In this kind of class, your professor can exercise their academic freedom to maintain much more control over what is published. That being said, they still must approach grading and publishing in a viewpoint neutral way. 

With respect to editorially independent papers (which can be funded either through student fees collected by the university or independent sources) students are responsible for content, sometimes with the guidance of a faculty member or an advisor. These advisors act as sounding boards when brainstorming stories, share institutional knowledge, provide advice on ethical issues, and make sure student journalists’ rights are being respected. At public schools and at private schools that commit themselves to free speech, administrators and faculty cannot dictate what can and cannot be published. 

In regard to funding, student publications have the same rights as any other recognized student organization. Administrators and student governments must be viewpoint-neutral when making funding decisions. For example, a school cannot deny or rescind funding based on reporting that represents the school in a negative light or angers alumni and donors.

Protecting Your Rights as Student Journalists

Student publications are protected by the First Amendment at public universities. At private universities, their treatment should be consistent with university policy—which, at most private schools, clearly expresses a commitment to freedom of speech, if not freedom of the press specifically.

Despite robust protections for student journalists, some colleges have attempted to censor or punish student publications, particularly when student journalists have been critical of the administration or have written about topics the administration finds objectionable.

Among some of the tactics administrators have used to silence journalists are defunding a publication, using the threat of an investigation, insisting on prior review before publication, and putting pressure on journalists and student media advisors to steer coverage. 

Having a recorded or written record is key to pushing back against censorship. If anyone does try to silence you, utilize your reporting skills to make sure you maintain a record of communication and alert your advisor. 

Other students, university staff members, and sometimes even administrators, have been known to steal or destroy free papers distributed on campus for publishing unpopular opinions or unfavorable coverage. This kind of action is vandalism or theft and should be treated and reported on as such. 

The best way to protect against censorship, particularly administrative censorship, is to know your rights and make sure your reporting is ethically sound. Good journalism practices should already avoid the kind of unprotected speech, such as obscenity or defamation, that a school might try to use to justify interfering with student editorial judgment.

Be clear with sources about what is on and off the record, make sure you know your state’s laws regarding recording conversations, and always try to clearly identify yourself as an on-duty reporter when attending events you’re covering.

Student publications play a vital role in informing students about events and occurrences on campus, exposing wrongdoing, holding leadership accountable, and informing the larger community about relevant events. In order to perform these important services, publications should be autonomous and free from editorial interference or censorship by administrators. 

Additional Resources for Students

Student Press Censorship What Does it Look Like?

Under Pressure: The Warning Signs of Student Newspaper Censorship

A Citizens Guide to Recording the Police

Student Press Law Centers Public Records Letter Generator

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NEWSPAPER IN EDUCATION: STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION TOWARDS USING NEWSPAPER IN LEARNING ENGLISH

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Benefits of School Newspapers for Students

20 Nov, 2022

Whether you’re a keen student journalist yourself, or just looking to learn more about student culture at the universities you’re planning to apply to, student newspapers are the place to go.

We break down the benefits you’ll get if you become a student journalist at university (which can even include the heady heights of professional publication!), as well as the benefits reading student papers can bring you as a prospective student of any course.

Table of Contents

Why student papers are important

Student newspapers are (generally) run by students, for students. This means that, as well as reporting on any administrative news like changes in fee structures or the Vice-Provost’s office, they report on the social side of student life. This is where they can differ from university-issued newsletters.

Whether it’s food recommendations near your student halls, a roundup of the best evening social events or a newsblast letting you know a filming crew and celebrity have been spotted near campus, student papers can offer a lighter, more fun take on student news.

That’s not to say they avoid the harder-hitting stuff, though. If there’s a dispute about accommodation rent, representation in the faculty or senior members of staff’s wages, student papers can often offer several opinion pieces, allowing you to learn from and connect with a range of perspectives on the topic.

If you’re a prospective student, the universities you’re considering will usually give you lots of information about student life at their institutions. This can be really helpful, and is often written in collaboration with current students, but independent papers can offer less formal, more colourful impressions of life at each uni.

So, should you write for a student paper?

• Refresh your writing – Writing for a student publication ensures your penmanship skills never grow stale; take a break from the rubric for your standard university essays and try your hand at punchy, journalistic writing instead. Being able to adapt your writing style to attract different audiences will also stand you in good stead for your future career, as it improves your ability to communicate effectively with a range of people.
• Editing – Whether you become editor-in-chief of your student paper, or simply edit your own work before submitting it, the ability to improve things is invaluable. This will also improve your concision, making you a better communicator and appealing to potential employers. 
• Interviewing – Working with a student newspaper gives you the opportunity to talk to a range of people about really interesting topics. You’ll learn how to promote comfortable conversations with a wide variety of people, as well as how to ask the juiciest questions sensitively.
• Design – A student newspaper allows you to be your most creative self. Whether you want to get involved with the formatting of a print copy or draw satirical comic strips for the website, there are lots of opportunities to exercise your visual creativity.
• Variation in media – Journalism no longer revolves entirely around the paper and print; student journalism is often web-based, featuring styles like listicles and clickbait articles. You could even develop your social media management skills by looking after the paper’s Facebook and Twitter accounts.

Get a taste of the future

Student newspapers aren’t just an opportunity to develop your writing skills and gain experience for a career in journalism. Here are just some of the fields you’ll get experience in if you write for your university’s paper:

• Sales – Newspapers often run adverts, which means students communicate with businesses to offer advertising space. Think sales pitches, crafting invoices and fostering vital connections with the local economy.
• Administration – Students have to organise every aspect of a newspaper themselves, from the writing and the layout design to the photography and printing. You’ll learn how to delegate tasks, manage workloads fairly, and set deadlines (and meet them!). Particularly if you take on an editorial role, you’ll be surprised how much your leadership skills grow!
• Customer relations – You’re creating a product which is available to anyone from your academic institution – this means you have to be open to criticism and respond with improvement. Sure, students won’t be as harsh a critic as a professional editor, but having your cohort pick up on your poor proof-reading will make you learn from your mistakes just as quickly.
• Accounting – A student newspaper cannot run on enthusiasm alone; you’ll need to liaise with investors to raise some kind of budget. Money must be handled correctly, so your numeracy skills might need dusting off from school.

Become a vital part of the local community

Involvement in a student newspaper allows for building relationships with a variety of people. You’ll be a direct link between the student body and local events, businesses and organisations. You’ll need to maintain the trust of your readers, while holding their interest with a fine balance of serious exposés and lighthearted tabloid columns. Student journalism means you’ll be the first to know of any drama within the university and the first to deliver it to a wider audience. 

You’ll also be a trusted source for the administrative staff and university faculty; legitimate discontent felt amongst the student body will be reflected in the newspapers, which will doubtless be invaluable to the staff who wish to stay informed of the student body’s thoughts.

 How to get involved with student newspapers

So, now that you’re definitely on board with the idea of writing for a student newspaper, how do you get the ball rolling? It can seem quite a daunting prospect, especially as student newspapers often come with an impressive reputation within the community. However, joining a student publication isn’t as difficult as you might initially think. 

Most student newspapers will welcome writing samples and article suggestions from anyone, regardless of experience or subject matter. Whether it’s your first time writing any sort of article, or you’re well experienced with the art of journalism, student papers will hear what you have to say and provide you with space on a page. 

Make contact with one of the current editors and ask what opportunities there are for writing. Visit your university’s freshers’ fair and interact with the editorial team; make sure to attend any meetings they hold during the term, too. Once you’ve completed your first piece, you can start thinking about writing other articles to expand your portfolio. Writing articles also opens the door to future editorial roles within the newspaper. 

If you’re desperate to get involved but worried about a lack of writing experience, you could participate in a course designed to improve your writing skills; the writing courses for teens offered by Oxford Scholastica aims to develop your writing prowess, ensuring you can send in polished, confident content when you arrive at campus.

Next steps for future journalists, editors and writers

• Keen to join a student paper but worried about a lack of writing experience? Take a look at our Writing Summer School
• If you’re more interested in fiction, you might like to read our reasons Why Shakespeare Is Still Important
• Cherwell – A weekly student newspaper published by students of Oxford University, founded in 1920. It’s one of the oldest student publications in the UK.
• Varsity – Cambridge University’s main student newspaper, published every Friday during term time.
• Palatinate – The official student paper of Durham University, whose name is derived from the colour palatinate, a shade of purple associated with the university.
• The Student – A fortnightly published newspaper run by students at the University of Edinburgh, read by some 30,000 people in the city.
• The Courier – Student newspaper written and edited by student volunteers at Newcastle University, published in a 40-page print edition every week.

We would love to hear from you

The team at Oxford Scholastica are here to answer any questions you may have about our summer courses  or your child’s wellbeing while staying here in Oxford, or any other concerns you might have. Get in touch today!

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Members of the OSU Community can access many newspapers electronically. Search for a newspaper by title below:

If you can't find what you're looking for electronically, see our Finding Newspapers page for information about searching our print or microform collections.

• Newspaper Source [Selected Articles in Full Text] Includes nearly 200 newspapers and news wires, with a strong focus on content from the United States.
• Nexis Uni Provides access to a wide range of national and international newspapers.
• International Newsstand Includes hundreds of international newspapers with coverage from 1977-present.
• PressDisplay Useful for its full scan of printed newspapers, but only includes the past 90 days.
• ProQuest Historical Newspapers [Full Text] Includes full text including images for several prominent newspapers from the 19th and 20th centuries.

EXTRA! EXTRA! Hear all about it!

Live news, as it happens.

• C-SPAN (National Cable Satellite Corporation) Provides live coverage of Congressional activities.
• Statehouse News Bureau . Provides live coverage of the Ohio Legislature's activities.
• USA Today . Updated 24/7 provides access to breaking events and news.

Why Use Newspapers?

Newspaper articles can provide a useful source of information, serving as a primary source of information about historical and current events. Some of the benefits of using newspaper articles as primary sources include:

• Seeing how people viewed an event when it happened;
• Providing multiple points of view about an issue, including a comparison of the United States and international views;
• Permitting researchers to trace the historical development of subjects over time;
• Examining issues in the context of their time (by seeing how stories about an issue relate to other stories, or by examining the type of coverage provided);
• Giving a snapshot of a time period detailing how people lived, and what they purchased which is helpful for writers, playwrights, historians, etc.

Because newspapers also contain commentaries or retrospective articles about events, they can also serve as a secondary source .

Whether used as a primary or a secondary source, newspapers can provide a valuable research tool.

For more information about using news sources, see our news source tutorial .

Need Help With Newspapers?

Local News Sources

The Columbus Dispatch – Electronic archive to the Columbus Dispatch from 1985-present. Please see our microfilm holdings for access to 1975-present and 1960-1975 .

The Lantern – The official student newspaper of The Ohio State University. See the Lantern’s website for current issues and the Lantern Online Archive for issues 1881-2013.

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How are newspapers used in scholarly research.

Delve into some unexpected findings on the impact of newspapers in academic research topics like public health

by Courtney Suciu

A recent study revealed insights about how academic researchers use newspapers in their scholarly publications, and the widespread impact of newspaper citations in scholarly journals. Some of what we learned from this study wasn’t surprising – it affirmed that newspapers are an important resource for research in the arts, social sciences and humanities.

But it also presented us with some unexpected findings about the broad scope of academic subjects where scholarly researchers cited newspapers. For example, we didn’t anticipate that newspapers would be so frequently cited in journal articles on such a specialized topic as public health. So, we decided to take a closer look at why The New York Times might be such a valuable resource for research in this area.

A little background on the study

In his report, “The Scholarly Impacts of Newspapers,” 1 conducted in partnership with ProQuest, Eric T. Meyer, then a professor of Social Informatics at the Oxford Internet Institute, examined how frequently four major newspapers ( The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal and The Guardian ) were cited in scholarly journals. He also analyzed the subject areas of these publications, and how often journal articles that cited these newspapers were cited in other scholarly articles.

The overall results of Prof. Meyer’s study (download the full report ), confirmed what we suspected: that newspapers are a critical resource in advanced research across a variety of subject areas.

Why are newspapers valuable for scholarly public health research?

According to Prof. Meyer’s research, public health wasn’t in the top 5 disciplines that most frequently cite newspapers in academic research (read the report to find out what they are) yet we were still surprised to discover how often researchers in this area did cite newspapers.

In fact, all four of the titles Prof. Meyer looked at were cited in scholarly articles about nursing, public health, pediatrics, general medicine and other related topics. Of these publications, The New York Times was the most frequently referenced in health research during the period of time between 2000-2017.

So why would newspapers, and The New York Times in particular, be a valuable resource for authors of academic journal articles in this subject area?

We discovered a study published in the International Public Health Journal that examined “News Coverage of Public Health Issues” 2 which may shed light on the matter. While this research focused on The New York Times coverage of the West Nile Virus and avian flu epidemics, it also provided a more general glimpse at the reason scholars seeking accurate, reliable and timely information related to public health issues would use newspapers in their academic research.

“Journalists tend to quote experts as sources,” according to the authors of the study. “In the field of science and public health, these experts usually include bureaucratic officials, scientists affiliated with relevant institutions, and medical professionals.”

Experts in this context are authorities from the likes of the World Health Organization or Center for Disease Control, for example, who can impart reliable observations, information and analysis which are critical for scholarly research.

“The sourcing pattern is related not only to the nature of the subject matter (i.e. public health), but also to the function of professional requirements and constraints from the journalistic part,” the article continued:

In other words, journalists seek information from bureaucratic and institutional sources in part because they are credible and authoritative. It is also because they are able to provide quickly, and in a usable format, the information journalists need when covering public health issues; that is, the magnitude of impact and what actions will be taken.

Of course, such credible, authoritative and accessible information isn’t just important to journalists covering these issues. It is essential for successful public health studies at every level, from undergraduate research projects to peer-reviewed scholarly articles published in academic journals, as we discovered from Prof. Meyer’s report.

Learn more about how newspapers are used in academic research with highlights from Prof. Meyer’s study or by downloading his complete report, “The Scholarly Impacts of Newspapers.”

• Meyer, Eric T., The Scholarly Impacts of Newspapers: The Guardian , Washington Post , Wall Street Journal, and New York Times (May 2, 2018).
• Shih, T., PhD., Brossard, D., PhD., & Wijaya, R., B.S. (2011). News coverage of public health issues: The role of news sources and the processes of news construction . International Public Health Journal, 3 (1), 87-97. Available from ProQuest Central.

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MLA Works Cited Page: Periodicals

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Periodicals include magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals. Works cited entries for periodical sources include three main elements—the author of the article, the title of the article, and information about the magazine, newspaper, or journal. MLA uses the generic term “container” to refer to any print or digital venue (a website or print journal, for example) in which an essay or article may be included.

Below is the generic citation for periodicals using the MLA style. Use this as guidance if you are trying to cite a type of source not described on this page, omitting any information that does not apply:

Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publisher Date, Location (pp.). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Pub date, Location (pp.).

Article in a Magazine

Cite by listing the article's author, putting the title of the article in quotations marks, and italicizing the periodical title. Follow with the date of publication. Remember to abbreviate the month. The basic format is as follows:

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical , Day Month Year, pages.

Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time, 20 Nov. 2000, pp. 70-71.

Buchman, Dana. "A Special Education." Good Housekeeping, Mar. 2006, pp. 143-48.

Article in a Newspaper

Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article, but note the different pagination in most newspapers. If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper), identify the edition after the newspaper title.

Brubaker, Bill. "New Health Center Targets County's Uninsured Patients." Washington Post, 24 May 2007, p. LZ01.

Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York Times, late ed.,  21 May 2007, p. A1.

If the newspaper is a less well-known or local publication, include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper.

Behre, Robert. "Presidential Hopefuls Get Final Crack at Core of S.C. Democrats." Post and Courier [Charleston, SC],29 Apr. 2007, p. A11.

Trembacki, Paul. "Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team." Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette, IN], 5 Dec. 2000, p. 20.

To cite a review, include the title of the review (if available), then the phrase, “Review of” and provide the title of the work (in italics for books, plays, and films; in quotation marks for articles, poems, and short stories). Finally, provide performance and/or publication information.

Review Author. "Title of Review (if there is one)." Review of Performance Title, by Author/Director/Artist. Title of Periodical, Day Month Year, page.

Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It Living." Review of Radiant City , directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times, 30 May 2007, p. E1.

Weiller, K. H. Review of Sport, Rhetoric, and Gender: Historical Perspectives and Media Representations , edited by Linda K. Fuller. Choice, Apr. 2007, p. 1377.

An Editorial & Letter to the Editor

Cite as you would any article in a periodical, but include the designators "Editorial" or "Letter" to identify the type of work it is.

"Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Street Journal, eastern edition, 24 Oct. 2003, p. A14.

Hamer, John. Letter. American Journalism Review, Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007, p. 7.

Anonymous Articles

Cite the article’s title first, then finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical.

"Business: Global Warming's Boom Town; Tourism in Greenland." The Economist , 26 May 2007, p. 82.

"Aging; Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare." Women's Health Weekly, 10 May 2007, p. 18.

An Article in a Scholarly Journal

A scholarly journal can be thought of as a container, as are collections of short stories or poems, a television series, or even a website. A container can be thought of as anything that contains other pieces of work. In this case, cite the author and title of article as you normally would. Then, put the title of the journal in italics. Include the volume number (“vol.”) and issue number (“no.”) when possible, separated by commas. Finally, add the year and page numbers.

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal , Volume, Issue, Year, pages.

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu ." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.

Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise ." Arizona Quarterly , vol. 50, no. 3, 1994, pp. 127-53.

An Article in a Special Issue of a Scholarly Journal

When an article appears in a special issue of a journal, cite the name of the special issue in the entry’s title space, in italics. Add the descriptor “special issue of” and include the name of the journal, also in italics, followed by the rest of the information required for a standard scholarly journal citation.

Web entries should follow a similar format, and should include a DOI (if available), otherwise include a URL or permalink.

Burgess, Anthony. "Politics in the Novels of Graham Greene." Literature and Society, special issue of Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 2, no. 2, 1967, pp. 93-99.

Case, Sue-Ellen. “Eve's Apple, or Women's Narrative Bytes.” Technocriticism and Hypernarrative, special issue of Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 43, no. 3, 1997, pp. 631-50. Project Muse , doi:10.1353/mfs.1997.0056.

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University imposes a one-year suspension on law professor over comments on race

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PHILADELPHIA (AP) — The University of Pennsylvania law school says it is imposing a one-year suspension at half-pay and other sanctions along with a public reprimand on a tenured professor over her comments about race in recent years.

The university said Professor Amy Wax — who has questioned the academic performance of Black students, invited a white nationalist to speak to her class and suggested the country would be better off with less Asian immigration — will also lose her named chair and summer pay in perpetuity and must note in public appearances that she speaks for herself, not as a university or law school member. The university has not, however, fired her or stripped her of tenure.

Wax told the New York Sun after the announcement that she intends to stay at the school as a “conservative presence on campus.” She called allegations of mistreatment of students “totally bogus and made up” and said her treatment amounted to “performance art” highlighting that the administration “doesn’t want conservatives like me on campus.”

The university said in a notice posted in its almanac last week that a faculty hearing board concluded after a three-day hearing in May of last year that Wax had engaged in “flagrant unprofessional conduct,” citing what it called “a history of making sweeping and derogatory generalizations about groups by race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and immigration status.” Wax was also accused of “breaching the requirement that student grades be kept private by publicly speaking about the grades of law students by race” making “discriminatory and disparaging statements,” some in the classroom, “targeting specific racial, ethnic, and other groups with which many students identify.”

Provost John L. Jackson Jr. said academic freedom “is and should be very broad” but teachers must convey “a willingness to assess all students fairly” and must not engage in “unprofessional conduct that creates an unequal educational environment.” Jackson said Wax’s conduct left many students “understandably concerned” about her being able to impartially judge their academic performance.

Wax’s lawyer, David Shapiro, told the campus newspaper, the Daily Pennsylvanian, in November that officials targeted Wax over her public comments and some elements of her class on conservative thought, including having a white nationalist figure speak. But he said officials also buttressed their case by throwing in “a handful of isolated, years-old allegations (which are highly contested)” about alleged interactions with “a few minority students.”

Wax told the New York Sun that allegations of abuse or discrimination against students were “fabricated and tacked on as a cover for penalizing me for standard-issue, conservative anti-‘woke’ opinions and factual observations that are not allowed on campus.” She said she was committed to exposing students to “opinions and viewpoints they don’t want to hear” and said she fears campuses like Penn are “raising a generation of students who can’t deal with disagreement.”

In 2018, Wax was removed from teaching required first-year law courses after the law school dean accused her of having spoken “disparagingly and inaccurately” about the performance of Black students.

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Guest Essay

The Research Scandal at Stanford Is More Common Than You Think

By Theo Baker

Mr. Baker is a rising sophomore at Stanford University. At its daily student newspaper, he won a George Polk Award for investigating allegations of manipulated experimental data in scientific papers published by the university’s president.

There are many rabbit holes on the internet not worth going down. But a comment on an online science forum called PubPeer convinced me something might be at the bottom of this one. “This highly cited Science paper is riddled with problematic blot images,” it said. That anonymous 2015 observation helped spark a chain of events that led Stanford’s president, Marc Tessier-Lavigne, to announce his resignation this month.

Dr. Tessier-Lavigne made the announcement after a university investigation found that as a neuroscientist and biotechnology executive, he had fostered an environment that led to “unusual frequency of manipulation of research data and/or substandard scientific practices” across labs at multiple institutions. Stanford opened the investigation in response to reporting I published last autumn in The Stanford Daily, taking a closer look at scientific papers he published from 1999 to 2012.

The review focused on five major papers for which he was listed as a principal author, finding evidence of manipulation of research data in four of them and a lack of scientific rigor in the fifth, a famous study that he said would “turn our current understanding of Alzheimer’s on its head.” The investigation’s conclusions did not line up with my reporting on some key points, which may, in part, reflect the fact that several people with knowledge of the case would not participate in the university’s investigation because it declined to guarantee them anonymity. It did confirm issues in every one of the papers I reported on. (My team of editors, advisers and lawyers at The Stanford Daily stand by our work.)

In retrospect, much of the data manipulation is obvious. Although the report concluded that Dr. Tessier-Lavigne was unaware at the time of the manipulation that occurred in his labs, in papers on which he served as a principal author, images had been improperly copied and pasted or spliced; results had been duplicated and passed off as separate experiments; and in some instances — in which the report found an intention to hide the manipulation — panels had been stretched, flipped and doctored in ways that altered the published experimental data. All of this happened before he became Stanford’s president. Why, then, didn’t it come out sooner?

The answer is that people weren’t looking.

This year, a panel of scientists began reviewing the allegations against Marc Tessier-Lavigne, focusing on five papers for which he was a principal author.

In the earliest paper reviewed, a 1999 study about neural development, the panel found that an image from one experiment had been flipped, stretched and then presented as the result of a different experiment.

A 2004 paper contained similar manipulations, including an image that was reused to represent different experiments.

“Basic biostatistical computational errors” and “image anomalies” were found in a 2009 paper about Alzheimer’s that has been cited over 800 times, including the reuse of a control image with improper labeling.

At least four of the five papers appear to have manipulated data. Dr. Tessier-Lavigne has stated that he intends to retract three of the papers and correct the other two.

The report and its consequences are an unhappy outcome for a powerful, influential, wealthy scientist described by a colleague in a 2004 Nature Medicine profile as essentially “being perfect.” The first in his family to go to college, Dr. Tessier-Lavigne earned a Rhodes scholarship before establishing a lab at the University of California, San Francisco, in the 1990s and discovering netrins, the proteins responsible for guiding axon growth. “He’s one of those people for whom things always seemed to go just right,” an acquaintance recalled in the Nature Medicine article.

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Number of students needing support for eating disorders doubles in five years

English student Erin Butler says campus life triggered her anorexia again.

Midlands correspondent @LisaSkyNews

Sunday 29 September 2024 02:18, UK

The number of university-aged students needing support for eating disorders in the UK has more than doubled over the last five years, according to a leading charity.

BEAT - which offers support to people over the phone, by text, or email - told Sky News that between April 2023 and March 2024, they delivered 15,120 helpline sessions to 18 to 22-year-olds, up from 6,620 for the same period between 2019 and 2020.

Erin Butler, a student in Birmingham , said she'd suffered a relapse with her eating disorder following her freshers' week, having struggled with anorexia from the age of 15.

"I think coming to uni, I really wanted to get rid of that part of myself, leave behind the anorexic, sick version of myself and come as a new person", she said.

The English student, now in her third year, said she wanted to "create a new identity, a fun, go out all the time, really live the uni lifestyle person, but I think trying to hide that part of yourself doesn't really work - it'll always be there, it's always going to come up in some way".

She returned to her home in County Armagh in Northern Ireland to access treatment via her GP.

She's certain that the campus lifestyle triggered her anorexia again.

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"I think the mixture of managing my finances, managing my own groceries and making sure I was able to make classes on time… all of that combined becomes too much and when you have everything going on in your head as well, it's really a disaster," she said.

The charity's director of external affairs Tom Quinn said university is often the time when young people are away from home for the first time.

"It is often a time of anxiety when they are under pressure for a new way of working and studying," he said.

"They're meeting new friends, they're also having to cook for themselves and also do all of this without sort of parental supervision.

"So we think for some people, they are developing an eating disorder for the first time. For others, that eating disorder is getting worse because they don't have their families around.

"We want universities to be better equipped to spot the signs of eating disorders and help students in their care. We've launched our 'bridging the gap' training to help with this, but we're also calling on the government to make sure there is enough treatment available for adults so that they can get the help they need."

Read more from Sky News: Major crisis looms over universities Mother blames 'unfit' mental health services for daughter's death Tory conference could define course of UK history

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Universities UK, which represents 141 institutions, said: "There is growing concern about the mental health of young people in the UK including students, with increased demand for university-funded support services.

"Universities have stepped up their efforts, with particular focus on making sure students are aware of the range of services available at their university and via the NHS, and encouraging those with mental health difficulties to access the right support."

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A government spokesperson said: " Lord Darzi's report exposed the dramatic rise in serious eating disorders, with hospital admissions for eating disorders increasing by 82% since 2019/20.

"We will fix the NHS and ensure those living with the condition are given the support they need, by recruiting an extra 8,500 adult and child mental health staff, investing in community mental health hubs and putting mental health support in every school."

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