essay on political party system in india

Party System in India, Feature, Importance and Function

Party System in India is a multi-party system in which various political parties fight democratically for power. Read all about Party System in India, Feature, Importance and Function for UPSC Exam.

Table of Contents

Political parties are the cornerstone of democratic governance, serving as vehicles for political participation, representation, and governance. They are voluntary associations or organized groups of individuals who share similar political views and aspire to influence government policies and gain political power through constitutional means. In modern democratic states, political parties come in various forms and serve different ideological and organizational purposes. Know the definition, types, characteristics, and party systems prevalent in contemporary politics in this article.

Party System in India

A political party is a collection of people who band together to advance a specific agenda and work to use legal means to take control of the government to carry out that programme. In the current democratic era, the power struggle is open and not veiled. Political parties now have a distinct relevance as a result. Political parties ‘ responsibilities include election preparation, political information dissemination, campaigning, and legislator election.

Definition and Types of Political Parties

Political parties are organized groups of individuals with shared political ideologies and objectives. They strive to gain political power through elections and influence government policies to align with their beliefs. There are four main types of political parties:

• Reactionary Parties : These parties advocate for the preservation of traditional socio-economic and political institutions. They resist change and often seek to revert to previous societal norms and values.
• Conservative Parties : Conservative parties support the maintenance of the status quo or gradual changes in society and governance. They prioritize stability, traditional values, and incremental reforms.
• Liberal Parties : Liberal parties aim to promote individual freedoms, equality, and progressive social reforms. They advocate for civil liberties, social justice, and the expansion of democratic rights.
• Radical Parties : Radical parties seek to fundamentally transform existing societal structures and institutions. They advocate for revolutionary changes and may pursue the overthrow of established systems.

Ideological Classification

Political parties are also classified based on their ideological positions. Traditionally, political scientists have placed parties on a spectrum ranging from left to right:

• Leftist Parties : These parties advocate for social equality, economic redistribution, and government intervention in addressing social and economic disparities. Examples include socialist and communist parties.
• Centrist Parties : Centrist parties occupy a moderate position on the political spectrum, combining elements of both left and right-wing ideologies. They often prioritize pragmatic solutions and compromise.
• Rightist Parties : Rightist parties uphold conservative values, free-market principles, and limited government intervention. They prioritize individual liberties, free enterprise, and traditional social values.

Party system in India: History

The history of the party system in India is a rich tapestry woven with diverse political ideologies, regional dynamics, and sociocultural factors. Let’s explore the evolution of India’s party system over time:

Party system in India: Main Feature

India’s political landscape is marked by a robust multi-party system, attributed to the vastness and diversity of the nation, universal adult franchise, and unique political processes. With the highest number of political parties per capita globally, India sees a plethora of communal and non-communal, left, center, and right-wing parties. The result is a norm of coalition governments, hung legislatures, and assemblies.

Multi-Party System in India

• Diversity and Fracture : India’s vast size, societal diversity, and universal adult franchise have led to a multitude of political parties, making it the country with the highest number of political parties per capita globally.
• Quantitative Overview : Before the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, India had 7 national parties, 52 state parties, and 2354 registered unrecognized parties.
• Coalition Politics : The presence of communal and non-communal parties, as well as left, center, and right-wing groups, results in frequent coalition governments, hung legislatures, and assemblies.

One-Party Dominance

• Historical Context : The Indian National Congress held centralized power from Independence until the late 1970s, both nationally and in most states.
• Era of Pluralism : Since 1989, one-party rule has dissolved, witnessed in elections from 1989 onwards, with various parties assuming power at different levels.

Personality Cult

• Leader-Centric Politics : Parties often revolve around prominent leaders, with their personalities overshadowing party principles.
• Examples : Nehru, Indira, and Rajiv Gandhi’s leadership significantly contributed to the popularity of the Congress Party, while leaders like MG Ramachandran and NT Rama Rao gained recognition for the AIADMK and TDP, respectively.

Lack of Opposition

• Ineffective Opposition : Despite the end of one-party dominance, a cohesive, strong national opposition has rarely emerged, with opposition parties often lacking unity and coherent strategies.
• Consequences : Weak opposition impedes parliamentary democracy’s checks and balances, hindering effective governance and accountability.

Lack of Proper Organization and Ideology

• Organizational Challenges : Many parties struggle to maintain organizational structures, with power dynamics overshadowing ideological coherence.
• Ideological Vacuum : While parties often espouse democratic, secular, and socialist values, pragmatism and pursuit of power dominate over clear ideological positions.

Factionalism and Groupism

• Internal Division : Factionalism within parties leads to frequent splits, mergers, and realignments, impacting party stability and coherence.
• Examples : Congress and Janata Dal experienced numerous splits, reflecting the pervasive influence of factionalism.

Extra-Constitutional Means of Power Acquisition

• Unethical Practices : Parties resort to illegal tactics alongside legitimate means, including violent protests and populist rhetoric, to consolidate power.
• Populist Appeals : Populist slogans and programs, such as “Garibi Hatao,” have been used to garner popular support, often at the expense of substantive policy discourse.

Lack of Discipline and Communalism

• Discipline Deficit : Party members frequently disregard rules and engage in opportunistic behavior, switching parties or forming new ones for personal gain.
• Communal and Caste Politics : Political parties exploit caste and religious identities for electoral gains, undermining the broader public interest.

Recognition of National and State Parties

The Election Commission of India grants recognition to political parties based on their electoral performance. National parties must meet certain criteria, including securing a minimum percentage of votes and winning a designated number of seats in parliamentary elections. State parties are recognized based on their performance in state-level elections.

Recognition as a national or state party entitles parties to various privileges, such as exclusive use of party symbols and access to state-owned media for political broadcasts.

Importance of Party System in India

The party system in India plays a pivotal role in the functioning of democracy and governance, serving several important functions:

Representation and Governance

• Political parties field candidates in elections to represent the interests of the public and formulate policies to address their needs and concerns.
• Parties develop manifestos and policies to appeal to voters, contributing to informed electoral choices.

Legislative Function

• Ruling parties enact laws and policies, while opposition parties scrutinize and critique government actions, ensuring accountability and transparency.
• Debates and discussions in Parliament allow for the exchange of ideas and perspectives, leading to informed decision-making.

Formation of Public Opinion

• Parties engage in political discourse and mobilize public opinion on various issues, shaping public discourse and influencing policy agendas.
• They provide platforms for citizens to express their views and participate in the democratic process.

Party System in India UPSC

Political parties play a vital role in shaping democratic governance and representing diverse societal interests. Understanding the types, characteristics, and party systems prevalent in modern democracies is essential for analyzing political dynamics and policy outcomes. In India, the multi-party system, dominance of regional parties, and challenges of factionalism and ideological coherence underscore the complexities of democratic politics. As political landscapes evolve, parties continue to adapt to changing societal dynamics, presenting both opportunities and challenges for democratic governance.

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Party System in India FAQs

What do you mean by party system in india.

A party system is a concept in comparative political science concerning the system of government by political parties in a democratic country.

What is one-party system?

A one-party system is a form of government where the country is ruled by a single political party, meaning only one political party exists and the forming of other political parties is forbidden.

How many parties India has?

As per latest publication dated 23 September 2021 from Election Commission of India, and subsequent notifications, the total number of parties registered was 2858 including 6 national parties, 56 state parties and 2796 unrecognised parties.

Is India a two-party system?

Examples of nations with multi-party systems include Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Nepal, the Netherlands, Belgium, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Ukraine, Spain, Sweden and Thailand.

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Indian Politics Essay

500 words essay on indian politics.

Politics, simply speaking, refers to the activities surrounding a country’s governance. In the context of a large democratic country like India, politics becomes really complicated. This Indian politics essay will throw light on the politics of India.

                                                                                                                     Indian Politics Essay

Background of Indian Politics

Politics in India, like any other democratic country, involves the ruling party and the opposition. In India, the formation of political parties has taken place on the basis of ideology. Moreover, the Indian political parties belong to the left and the right political spectrum.

Leftist politics rely on the values of secularism , liberalism, and rebelliousness. In contrast, rightist politics favour the values of being pro-government, orderly, conservative, and traditional.

There are no definitions of left-right politics anywhere in the Indian constitution. Furthermore, these terms were given by commentators, authors, and journalists. Also, it has been witnessed in India that some politicians can change their political party and ideology.

Indeed for a stable democracy , it is necessary that both political ideologies, the right and left, operate side by side. As such, some times, the country may be under rightist influence while leftist ideals may dominate at another time. The two major political parties in India, BJP and Congress, clearly demonstrate the two different political spectrums of right and left respectively.

Problem with Indian Politics

For a democracy to work properly there must be a proper demarcation between the political ideologies. However, in India, the demarcation between these ideologies tends to get blurry, thereby resulting in the superimposition of one ideology over the other. This is certainly not an indication of a mature democracy.

The political system of India suffers due to the clash of different political ideologies. Furthermore, such clashes can turn out to be quite ugly. Most noteworthy, such clashes are detrimental to the development of the country as a whole.

Various other problems affect Indian politics like hatred, injustice, corruption, greed, and bigotry. Due to all these problems, Indian politics is called a dirty game. Such problems can also force many intellectual and eminent individuals to stay away from Indian politics.

Sometimes the Indian politicians may choose a political party, not because of the ideological stance, but rather due to the winning probability in the elections. This is a really sad reality of Indian politics. Moreover, it shows that such politicians care more about their own personal interests rather than the interests of the common people.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conclusion of Indian Politics Essay

Indian politics is a colourful drama and, according to some, its the great circus of the country. Despite such negative connotations, no one can doubt the enormously important role that politics has played in India. Most noteworthy, it is a crucial aspect of Indian democracy.

FAQs For Indian Politics Essay

Question 1: How many political parties are there in India?

Answer 1: According to the latest publication from the Election Commission of India, the total number of registered political parties in India is 2698. Furthermore, out of the registered political parties, 8 are national parties, 52 are state parties, and 2638 remain unrecognised. Also, registered parties that contest elections must have a symbol of their own that is approved by the EC.

Question 2: What are the two most powerful political parties in India?

Answer 2: The two most powerful political parties in India are the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress or Congress or INC. Furthermore, BJP is the leading right-wing party while Congress is the leading centrist/leftist party in India.

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The Role of Political Parties in Shaping Political Participation in India

Table of Contents

Have you ever wondered how the will of over a billion people is represented in the world’s largest democracy? India’s vibrant political tapestry is a testament to the power of political participation and the central role played by political parties . But what makes these parties the linchpin of democratic engagement in India? Let’s delve into the historical and social intricacies that define this relationship.

The roots of political participation in India

India’s journey as a democracy began in 1947, but the seeds of political participation were sown much earlier. The struggle for independence saw the emergence of the Indian National Congress and a host of other parties and movements that mobilized the masses. This era laid the foundation for a politically aware citizenry, setting the stage for a future where political parties would become agents of change.

The rise of a competitive party system

Post-independence, India witnessed the evolution of a multi-party system . The early dominance of the Congress gave way to regional parties and coalitions, reflecting the country’s diverse socio-political fabric. This competitive environment spurred parties to innovate and adapt, striving to represent the myriad interests of India’s electorate.

Voter turnout: A measure of democratic vibrancy

One of the most vivid indicators of political participation is voter turnout . In India, elections are grand affairs with an increasing percentage of the population casting their votes. This rise can be attributed to the efforts of political parties to mobilize voters, tapping into the aspirations and grievances of the people.

The role of Election Commission

The Election Commission of India plays a pivotal role in facilitating high voter turnout by ensuring free and fair elections. But it’s the political parties that breathe life into the electoral process, crafting narratives that resonate with the electorate and drive them to the polling booths.

The social nature of political participation

Political participation in India transcends the mere act of voting. It is deeply interwoven with the social fabric of society. Political parties, recognizing this, have become intertwined with the social identities and movements that characterize Indian society.

Party politics and social identity

Political parties in India often reflect and represent social groupings, be it based on caste, religion, or regional identity. This has made party politics a powerful platform for social engagement, through which communities seek to assert their place in the political landscape.

Celebrations and protests

Political participation also manifests in the form of rallies, protests, and public celebrations. These are not just expressions of support or dissent but are also deeply cultural, showcasing the unique way in which India engages with its politics.

Non-party political institutions and their influence

While political parties are central to political participation, non-party institutions like NGOs , trade unions , and advocacy groups also contribute to the democratic discourse. They provide alternative platforms for civic engagement and often collaborate with political parties to amplify their causes.

The dance of democracy: Elections and beyond

Elections are often seen as the culmination of political participation, but the dance of democracy continues beyond. Political parties engage with the public through governance, policy-making, and by shaping public opinion on key issues.

Implications for Indian democracy

The interplay between political parties and political participation has profound implications for Indian democracy. It dictates the responsiveness of the government, the inclusivity of the political process, and the ability of the system to adapt to the aspirations of a changing society.

Political parties as gatekeepers of democracy

Political parties have the responsibility of not just winning elections, but also upholding democratic values. Their ability to engage with the public and channelize participation into constructive governance is key to the health of India’s democracy.

Challenges and prospects

Despite their pivotal role, political parties in India face challenges such as corruption , populism , and the politics of polarization . Addressing these issues is critical to ensuring that political participation leads to a more equitable and just society.

Political parties in India are more than just vehicles for electoral success. They are the engines of political participation, shaping and being shaped by the social and cultural currents of the country. As India continues to evolve, the relationship between political parties and the electorate will determine the trajectory of its democratic journey.

What do you think? How do you see the role of political parties evolving in the context of India’s democracy? Are there ways in which political participation can be further enriched to bolster democratic principles?

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India–Democracy & Development

1 Legacy of National Movement With Reference To Development, Rights and Participation

• Foundation of the Indian National Congress
• Gandhi’s Contribution
• The Karachi Resolution of the Congress
• The Idea of Socialism
• The Nature of Gandhian Economics
• The Gandhian Social Philosophy
• The Consensus

2 Debate on Models of Development

• Confusing Overlaps
• The Debate on Land Policy
• The System of Control
• The Issue of Nationalisation
• The Issue of Planning
• Industrial Relations
• The Political Debate
• The Objectives Resolution of the Constituent Assembly

3 Constitution and Social Transformation

• Outlook of the Indian Constitution
• The Preamble
• The Rise of the People
• Rights of the People
• The Directive Principles of State Policy

4 Diversity and Pluralism

• Towards an Understanding of Democracy
• Democracy and Development
• Democracy and Development in the Post-colonial Societies
• Political Democracy and Economic Development in India: 1947-1967
• Political Democracy and Economic Development in India: 1967-1990
• Political Democracy and Economic Development in India: 1991 Onwards

5 Inequality- Caste and Class

• Notion of Social-Inequality
• The Nature of Caste-Inequalities in India
• Caste as the Invention of Colonial Modernity or a Legacy of Brahmanical Traditions
• Nature of Class Inequality in India
• Interrelation of Caste and Class Hierarchies
• Social Inequalities Development and Participatory Politics

6 Political Economy of Development

• The Global Divide
• Poverty of Income Comparisons
• Global Social Reality: Essentials of Maldevelopment
• Agenda of the Political Economy of Development
• Some Important Aspects of the Political Economy: Theories of Development
• Capital Accumulation: Role and Limitations
• International Capital Flows
• Role of the State

7 Structure and Growth of Economy (Poverty, Surplus and Unevenness)

• Growth Performance of the States
• Defining Poverty and Poverty Line
• Trends in Poverty Ratio
• Poverty Reduction not by Income Alone

8 Legislature

• Legislature
• Central Legislature/Parliament
• State Legislature
• Parliamentary Sovereignty
• Parliament Functioning: An Overview

9 Bureaucracy, Police and Army

• Reasons Behind the Expansion of Police
• Challenges Before the Police Force
• The Police Response
• Civil Service in Democracy
• Military in Democracy

10 Legal System and Judiciary

• Genesis of Judiciary in India
• Structure of Judiciary
• Judicial Review and Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
• Judicial Reforms-Agenda

11 Federalism

• Characterising Indian Federalism: The Essence of a Federal Union
• Salient Features of Indian Federalism
• Distribution of Competence
• Working of Federal System

12 Devolution of Powers and Local Self-Government

• Panchayati Raj System
• Reconstitution of Panchayat System
• Decentralisation
• Constitutional Amendments
• Limitations of the Amendments

13 Political Parties and Political Participation

• The Concept of Political Participation
• Forms of Political Participation
• Political Participation, Democracy, and Political Party
• Theoretical Debate and Practical Variations
• Political Participation and Political Parties in India
• Non-Party Institutions and Political Participation
• Political Participation and Indian Democracy

14 Workers and Peasant Movements in India

• Working Class Movements in India
• Peasant Movements in India
• The Naxalbari Peasant Uprising
• The Movements of the Rural Rich: Farmers’ Movements in Contemporary India

15 Media and Public Policy

• What is Public Policy
• Media and Democracy: its Role and Effect
• Media and Public Opinion
• Public Policy on CNG

16 Interest Groups and Policy Making

• Democracy and Interest Groups
• Interest Group Theory of Government
• Characteristics of Interest Groups: Number Density and Representational Domain
• How are they Different from Political Parties?

17 Identity Politics in India (Caste, Religion, Language and Ethnicity)

• What is Identity Politics?
• Identity Politics in India

18 Civil Societies- Social Movements, NGO’s and Voluntary Action

• Civil Society: Changing Notions
• New Social Movements
• New Social Movements as Agents of Radical Democracy
• NGOs and Voluntary Action

19 Human Development- Health, Education and Social Security

• Approaches to Human Development
• Defining Human Development
• Computing Human Development Index
• Human Development in India

20 Gender and Development

• Women and Gender
• Development and Gender
• Agencies of Development
• Critique of Development
• From Women in Development to Gender and Development
• Gender Development and Justice

21 Regional Imbalances

• Conceptualising Region and Regionalism: The Indian Context
• Regionalism in Colonial Period: Historical Genesis
• The Basis of Regionalism: The 1950s – 1960s
• Recent Growth of Regionalism: Factors of Economic Imbalance
• Political Economy of Regionalism: India in Transition

22 Migration and Development

• Causes of Internal Migration
• Economic Consequences of Migration
• Internal Migration in India
• Characteristics of Migrants
• Migration and Over-Urbanisation

23 Environment and Sustainable Development

• Contextualising Development
• Sustainable Development: Conceptualisation
• Sustainable Development: The Divergent View
• Working List of Indicators of Sustainable Development

24 Economic Reforms and Globalisation

• Theoretical Debates about the Use of the Market or Planning and Government Controls
• Development Planning in India
• Trade Policy in India Before 1991
• 1991 Crisis, Liberalisation, and its Economic Consequences
• Liberalisation and Democracy

25 Religious Politics

• Meaning and Significance of Religious Politics
• Evolution of Religious Politics
• Hindu Revivalism
• Islamic Perspective
• Religious Politics: An Overview

26 Ethnicity and Nation – State

• Ethnicity and Nation-state: Conceptualisation
• Perspectives to Study Ethnicity
• Manifestation of Ethnicity
• Response of the State
• The Main Cases of Ethnicity in India

27 Democracy and Development in India- An Assessment

• Procedural Democracy
• Substantive Democracy
• Development

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• General Knowledge /

8 Features of Party System in India

• Updated on  
• Apr 16, 2024

The Party system in India reflects our country’s diverse political scenario along with the Political Parties . There is a Multi-Party system at its core and India has a range of political entities ranging from National giants to Regional powerhouses. Furthermore, this complexity is further highlighted by the existence of National and State-level parties , each with distinct ideologies and agendas. Moreover, Coalition politics often takes centre stage, hence shaping governance and policy-making. Additionally, India’s Electoral history has vibrant competition, with parties using diverse voter bases through ideologies, caste affiliations, and regional interests. Read on to learn more about the 8 Features of Party System in India. 

1. One-Dominant Party System

The Congress party has always dominated India’s political affinity despite a Multi-Party system.

• This led to it being termed a ‘one-party dominance system’ by analyst Rajni Kothari.  
• However, this began to change in 1967 with the rise of Regional and National parties like Janata (1977), Janata Dal (1989), and the BJP (1991), thus bringing in a competitive Multi-party era.

2. Multi-Party System

India’s vast size, diverse society, Universal Adult Franchise , unique political processes, and other factors have led to the emergence of many Political Parties. 

• Moreover, India has the largest number of political parties globally.
• Indian ideologies range from left-wing to centrist, right-wing to communal and non-communal parties. 
• Additionally, this variety results in regularly hung Parliaments , Assemblies, and Coalition governments.

3. Personality Cult

There are many cases where Political Parties in India revolve around a dominant leader that overshadows the Party’s ideology. These leaders often define the Party more than its official manifesto. However, this leads to a focus on political personalities rather than actual party principles.

4. Lack of Clear Ideology

In addition, there are numerous Parties in India with different ideologies. 

• Moreover, they are at times ideologically similar and have a close similarity in their policies and programs. 
• Additionally, almost every Party supports Democracy , Secularism , Socialism , and Gandhism . 
• However, most parties which include those ideological perspectives are mainly driven by the pursuit of power. 
• Consequently, Politics has shifted to be more issue-based rather than driven by ideology, and pragmatism has been replaced by commitment to principles.

5. Based on Traditional Factors

Western countries’ Political Parties are usually based on socio-economic and political agendas. On the other hand, many Indian parties form around religious, caste, linguistic, and cultural lines, therefore frequently encouraging communal interests at the cost of the public good.

6. Factions and Defections

In India, Political Parties have seen significant factionalism, defections, splits, mergers, fragmentation, and polarization. 

• The pursuit of power and material gains usually makes politicians switch parties or form new ones. 
• Furthermore, defections became more common after the Fourth General Elections in 1967.
• Thus, leading to political instability both at the National and State levels and resulting in party disintegration.

Also Read: Anti Defection Law (10th Schedule): Role of Speaker, Rules

7. Emergence of Regional Parties

There are many Regional parties that have gained prominence in India’s political biome whether it comes to Regional to National significance. However, initially confined to local politics, they now govern various States and have an important part in National politics, particularly due to Coalition governments at the Centre.

8. Lack of Effective Opposition

An effective Opposition is important for a successful parliamentary Democracy.

• The Opposition keeps a check on the Autocratic inclinations of the Ruling Party and offers an alternative Government. 
• However, since the First General Elections, a strong, organized, and viable National Opposition has rarely emerged. 
• Moreover, Opposition Parties lack unity and thus usually have clashing views against the Ruling party. 
• Therefore, this failure to cooperate has diverted their Constructive role in Governance and Nation-building processes.

Related Blogs

Lastly, we hope you liked our blog and gained an understanding of the 8 Features of Party System in India. Moreover, you may even read more blogs and empower yourself with knowledge regarding Civics and Polity! 

Santana Daphne Antunis

A researcher, writer and traveller at heart. Talk to me about any topic under the sun, especially sustainability, art, music and photography.

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5 5 Party System and Party Politics in India

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This chapter examines works and writings related to the history of the party system and party politics in India. It focuses on causes, nature, and consequences of the transformation of the party system. It also discusses the ideology, support base, and vote mobilization strategies of parties. The chapter elucidates the emergence of a coalitional multiparty system and the rise of ideological differences in the mobilization of party support based on appeals to caste, religion, region, and ethnicity.

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The Political Party System of India: From One-Party Dominance to No-Party Dominance

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• Renu Khator  

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T he Indian party system is one of the most paradoxical systems in the world. As a system, it is rigid enough to withstand continuous defections and yet fluid enough to absorb new alliances; inclusive enough to accommodate the immense diversity and yet exclusive enough to be controlled by one family; mature enough to allow peaceful turnovers and yet inapt enough to arouse spontaneous violence; and, finally, old enough to become “one of the world’s oldest” and yet youthful enough to produce new parties overnight. Its ever-evolving character, with strong qualities of adaptation and resilience, defies the conventional wisdom on political parties.

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The Netherlands

Benin: A Pulverized Party System in Transition

Political Parties

T. J. Pempel, “Introduction,” in T. J. Pempel, ed., Uncommon Democracies: The One-Party Dominant Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990),

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Paul R. Brass, The Politics of India since Independence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

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Paul R. Brass, “Democracy and Political Participation in India,” in Myron L. Cohen, ed., Asia: Case Studies in the Social Sciences: A Guide for Teaching (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1992).

Myron Weiner, Party-Building in a New Nation: Indian National Congress (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).

Stanley A. Kochanek, The Congress Party of India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968).

Rajni Kothari, Politics and the People (New York: Horizon, 1989).

Paul R. Brass agues that due to these practices, the Congress (I) Party turned into a cadre party in the 1970s–80s. See, Paul R. Brass, Caste, Faction and Party in Indian Politics (Delhi: Chanakya, 1983).

There is a near consensus on the after-effects of Mrs. Gandhi’s governance style. See, Henry C. Hart, ed., Indira Gandhi’s India: A Political System Reap-praided (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1976).

Wyndraeth H. Morris-Jones, “Dominance and Dissent,” in Morris-Jones, Politics Mainly Indian (Madras: Orient Longman, 1978), p.217.

Robert L. Hardgrave & Stanley A. Kochanek, India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993), p.258.

Pradeep K. Chhibber, “The puzzle of Indian Politics: Social Cleavages and the Indian Party System,” in British Journal of Political Science , vol. 19 (1989): p.191–212.

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C. Rangarajan, et alia, Strategies for Industrial Development in 1980s (New Delhi: Oxford University, 1981).

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© 1999 Marco Rimanelli

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Khator, R. (1999). The Political Party System of India: From One-Party Dominance to No-Party Dominance. In: Rimanelli, M. (eds) Comparative Democratization and Peaceful Change in Single-Party-Dominant Countries. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780312292676_13

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Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayat Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.

Last updated on August 30, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

India is a vast landscape with cultural, linguistic, and geographical diversity.

One element that binds India as a nation together is its polity and governance structure.

The Indian political system is connected with the threads of history, culture, and the aspirations of its people.

From the remarkable Constitution that serves as the guiding light to the intricate Panchayat Raj system, this blog post delves into the multifaceted aspects of Indian polity and governance, encompassing the Constitution, the political system, Panchayat Raj, public policy, and rights issues.

Table of Contents

Indian Polity – The Political System

Polity means political system.

Indian Polity means the Indian Political System.

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The Indian state has three organs – (1) legislature (which makes laws), (2) executive (which implements laws) and (3) judiciary (which interprets laws).

India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic.

Indian Political system derives its origin from the historical underpinnings , however, its present structure owes to the Indian Constitution .

India’s political system is federal in nature, with a union of states and territories.

At the Center – the Parliament, consisting of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People), is the legislative body responsible for making laws. The President, elected by an Electoral College, is the ceremonial head of the state. The Prime Minister, the head of government, leads the executive branch.

At the state level – the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly make law. The governor is the ceremonial head of each state (provinces). The Chief Minister leads the executive branch.

India’s vibrant multi-party democracy ensures that voices from various sections of society are heard.

Know more about Indian Polity …

Governance – The Administrative Framework

Governance in India is a dynamic process that involves the management, administration, and regulation of the nation’s affairs.

India is a democracy. The real power lies with people. However, people elect representatives to make laws.

At the executive level, there are political executives (elected) and permanent executives or bureaucrats (selected).

Rooted in the principles of democracy, governance encompasses various levels of decision-making, from the central government to state administrations and local bodies.

The Indian political system is characterized by a multi-tiered structure that facilitates decentralization, with power shared between the Union and State governments. This complex framework is guided by the Constitution of India, which outlines the roles and responsibilities of different branches of government and upholds the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizens.

As India continues to evolve as a global player, its governance strives to strike a balance between tradition and progress, inclusivity and efficiency, and the aspirations of its diverse population.

Know more about Governance …

The Indian Constitution: The fundamental law of the land

At the heart of India’s polity lies its Constitution, a remarkable document that reflects the vision of the nation’s founding fathers.

Adopted on January 26, 1950, the Constitution of India enshrines the values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

It establishes a democratic framework with a division of powers among the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary, ensuring a system of checks and balances.

Over the years, the Indian Constitution has demonstrated its adaptability to changing times and societal needs. Amendments have been made to reflect evolving priorities while preserving the core principles. This capacity for change has allowed the Constitution to remain relevant and effective in a rapidly evolving world.

Know more about Indian Constitution …

Panchayat Raj: Empowering Local Governance

A unique feature of Indian governance is the Panchayat Raj system.

Enshrined in the Constitution’s 73rd and 74th Amendments, it empowers local self-governance at the grassroots level.

Panchayats (village councils) and Municipalities play a pivotal role in rural and urban development, ensuring community participation and decentralization of power.

This system promotes effective governance by addressing local issues with the involvement of the people.

Know more about Panchayat Raj …

Public Policy: Bridging Aspirations and Reality

Public policy formulation and implementation are crucial for addressing the diverse needs of the population.

The government’s policies impact various sectors, including education, healthcare, infrastructure, and the economy. Initiatives like “ Make in India ,” “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan,” and “ Digital India ” showcase India’s commitment to progress and development.

Effective policy implementation requires collaboration between the government, civil society, and the private sector.

Know more about the Public Policy of India …

Rights Issues: Striving for Social Justice

Rights encompass a wide range of freedoms, privileges, and protections that individuals are inherently entitled to by virtue of being human.

Despite progress, our society still grapples with numerous rights issues.

• Discrimination based on race, gender, religion, and economic status continues to persist.
• Gender inequality deprives millions of women of their rights and opportunities.
• The LGBTQ+ community faces challenges to their rights and acceptance.
• Marginalized communities often confront unequal access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
• Environmental degradation threatens the right to a sustainable future.

These issues are not isolated; they intersect and amplify one another, underscoring the complexity of the fight for rights.

India’s journey towards a just society involves addressing rights issues, particularly those concerning marginalized and vulnerable communities.

The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights such as the right to equality, freedom of speech, and the right to life.

Additionally, affirmative action policies, as enshrined in the Constitution’s provisions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes, aim to uplift historically disadvantaged groups.

Know more about Rights Issues…

Challenges and Future Prospects

While India’s polity and governance framework has achieved significant milestones, challenges persist. Corruption, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and socioeconomic disparities demand continuous attention. Additionally, maintaining the delicate balance between cultural diversity and national unity remains a constant endeavour.

The future of Indian polity and governance is promising, with technology-driven innovations, increased public awareness, and a growing emphasis on inclusive and sustainable development. Strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, and fostering citizen engagement will play a pivotal role in shaping the nation’s trajectory.

How to study Indian Polity and Governance?

Readers may note that this article on the Indian Polity and Governance is just an overview of the topic. There is a lot more to learn about Indian Polity and Governance.

We recommend the below sources to learn the subject.

• Join  ClearIAS Video Course (Prelims cum Mains).
• Go through  ClearIAS notes on Indian Polity and Governance.
• Read  books on Indian Polity .

Indian polity and governance are a testament to the nation’s commitment to democracy, unity, and progress.

The Constitution acts as a guiding compass, while the political system, Panchayat Raj, public policies, and rights issues collectively contribute to the nation’s growth.

As India treads the path of development, it is imperative to uphold the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to create a society that truly reflects the aspirations of its diverse populace.

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UPSC NCERT Notes – Indian Polity – Electoral Process and Political Dynamics

Election is an inherent feature of the democratic political system in India. The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India. The framers of the Constitution adopted Universal Adult Franchise as an essential basis of Parliamentary democracy.

Table of Contents

Introduction:

• Democracy, a governance system rooted in the principles of representation and public participation, became an integral part of India’s political landscape on January 6, 1950 . This transformative adoption found its place within the constitutional framework, shaping the nation’s political identity.
• In the Indian democratic setup, the government is steered by representatives elected by the people themselves.
• Every Indian citizen, aged 18 or above and not disqualified by constitutional provisions or legislative enactments, is endowed with the right to cast their vote, thereby participating in the democratic decision-making process.
• Elections, the cornerstone of democratic governance, are dynamic contests where political parties vie for the support of the people. 
• The party garnering the largest public endorsement ascends to power, assuming the responsibility of forming the government. In democratic nations, including India, the right to vote is extended to nearly all adult citizens, transcending barriers of property, education, race, religion, and gender—an inclusive principle known as Universal Adult Franchise or Suffrage.
• India’s parliamentary democracy derives its ultimate legitimacy from the collective will of its citizens, a will expressed and reinforced through active participation in the electoral process. 
• Thus, the governance of the nation is intricately woven with the threads of democratic values, as manifested by the engaged and empowered electorate.
• Article 328 of the Indian Constitution stipulates that elections to the House of People and Legislative Assembly of each state shall be based on adult suffrage. In India, individuals aged 18 or above (previously 21 until 1989) possess the right to vote.

The Electoral System

• India employs diverse electoral systems for various elections, including those for the Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, the Offices of President and Vice-President, and the Council of States and Legislative Councils.

Plurality System (First Past the Post)

• This system divides the country into single-member territorial constituencies. Voters select a single candidate, and the candidate with the highest number of votes, even if less than half the total, is declared the winner. This system, prevalent in the United Kingdom and India, establishes a direct link between representatives and constituencies.

Majority System

• Second Ballot System: If no candidate attains a first-ballot majority, a runoff ballot is conducted between the top two candidates. This system is popular in France.
• Alternative Voting System: This system involves single-member constituencies with preferential voting. Voters rank candidates in order of preference, and the winning candidate must obtain a minimum of 50% of all votes cast. 
• If no candidate secures 50% in the first preference, the candidate with the least votes is eliminated, and their votes are redistributed according to preferences until one candidate has a majority.

Proportional Representation System

• Single Transferable Vote System: In multi-member constituencies, parties present as many candidates as there are seats to fill. Electors vote preferentially, and candidates are elected if they reach the quota, calculated based on the total votes and the seats to be filled.
• Party List System: The entire country or subdivided regions are treated as constituencies. Parties compile lists of candidates in order of preference, and voters cast their votes for parties rather than individual candidates. Seats are allocated to parties proportionally to their election results, filling them from the party list.
• A minimum percentage may be set to exclude small parties, making it a potentially fair system of proportional representation. This method is utilized in the election of members to the Rajya Sabha and Legislative Councils in India.

Types of Elections

• By-Elections: A by-election, held outside the regular schedule, occurs when a representative from a constituency dies while in office or if the office becomes vacant due to reasons like resignation.
• Mid-term Elections: If the Lok Sabha or any State Assembly is dissolved before the completion of its full term, leading to elections for a new house, it is termed mid-term elections.
• General Elections: A general election is a comprehensive political voting process where all or most members of a given political body are chosen. Typically conducted for a nation, state, or territory’s primary legislative body, the first general elections for the Lok Sabha took place in 1951. In the 1982 general elections in Kerala, Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) were first introduced, and by 2004, EVMs were utilized in all 543 seats in general elections across India.
• Conditions for Voter Disqualification: The Constitution outlines specific conditions under which a citizen is disqualified from being a voter, including unsound mind, punishment for election-related offenses, and non-citizenship.

Party List System

• In this system, the entire country is treated as a constituency, divided into multi-member constituencies. Political parties compile lists of candidates based on party priority and present them to voters. Voters cast their votes for the party list rather than individual candidates. 
• Seats are allocated to parties proportionally based on the votes received, and parties fill these seats from their predetermined list.

Election Commission

• Elections in India are governed by Part XV of the Constitution (Articles 324 to 329). The Representation of People Act, of 1950, oversees the preparation of electoral rolls and voter registration, while the Delimitation Commission, 1952, plays a role in the elections.
• The Election Commission of India, established on January 25, 1950, is a permanent, independent, and constitutional body ensuring free and fair elections. It oversees elections at the Union, State, and Local body levels.

Composition and Appointment

• According to Article 324 of the Indian Constitution, the Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President. The Election Commission, under Article 324(2) , comprises the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners appointed by the President. 
• The President, in consultation with the Election Commission, may appoint Regional Commissioners (Article 324(4)) to assist in fulfilling the commission’s functions, subject to parliamentary laws.
• The present composition of the Election Commission includes the Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners, all appointed by the President.

Term of Office:

• Both the Chief Election Commissioner and an Election Commissioner hold office for a term of six years or until they reach the age of 65, whichever occurs earlier from the date of assuming office. Their compensation and benefits are akin to those of a Supreme Court Judge.
• In instances where a difference of opinion arises between the Chief Election Commissioner and the two other Election Commissioners, the commission resolves the matter through a majority decision.

Removal from Office:

• The Chief Election Commissioner can only be removed from office in a manner and on grounds similar to that of a Supreme Court Judge.
• Similarly, the removal of any other Election Commissioner or a Regional Commissioner requires the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. 
• Additionally, they have the option to resign from their office by submitting their resignation to the President.

Chief Election Commissioners Till Date

Independence of Election Commission

• The Chief Election Commissioner enjoys security of tenure and can only be removed from office through a process and on grounds identical to those applicable to a Judge of the Supreme Court. Consequently, his tenure is not subject to the pleasure of the President, despite being appointed by the President. 
• The service conditions of the Chief Election Commissioner remain unchanged to his detriment after the appointment.
• Any other Election Commissioner or Regional Election Commissioner can only be removed from office upon the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner.
• The Constitution does not stipulate a specific term or qualification for the Members of the Election Commission. Additionally, Election Commissioners face no prohibition on pursuing further employment under the Union or State Governments.

Powers and Functions of the Election Commission

• The Election Commission’s powers and functions can be categorized into three main areas:

Administrative:

• Determine electoral constituencies nationwide based on the Delimitation Commission Act of Parliament.
• Prepare and periodically revise electoral rolls, registering all eligible voters.
• Notify election dates and schedules, as well as scrutinize nomination papers.
• Grant recognition to political parties and allocate election symbols .
• Appoint officers to investigate disputes related to electoral arrangements.
• Determine the code of conduct for political parties and candidates during elections.
• Cancel polls in case of rigging, booth capturing, violence, and other irregularities.
• Advise the President and the Governor on matters concerning the disqualification of Members of Parliament and State Legislatures.
• Provide opinions on the feasibility of holding elections in a state under the President’s rule.

Quasi-Judicial:

• Act as a court for settling disputes related to the recognition of political parties and the allocation of election symbols.
• Possess the power to disqualify a candidate for failing to submit an account of election expenses within the prescribed time and manner.
• Have the authority to remove or reduce the period of disqualification and address other disqualifications under the law.
• Consider cases of individuals found guilty of corrupt practices at elections, referred by the Supreme Court and High Courts, and provide binding opinions to the President or Governor.

Judicial Scrutiny:

• Election petitions are the sole means to challenge the election to either House of Parliament or both Houses of State Legislatures.
• Such petitions can be filed before the High Court concerning elections to Parliament and State Legislatures.
• The validity of laws related to delimitation or seat allocation under Article 327 or Article 328 cannot be challenged in any court, as per Article 329 , which prohibits interference by courts in electoral matters.

Election Procedure:

• India follows a single-member constituency system , with constituencies designed to have similar population bases.
• Each constituency elects one representative through the “one person, one vote” principle, and the candidate with the highest number of votes wins.
• Political parties select and support candidates, organizing campaigns with specific programs and promises. Independent candidates organize their election campaigns without party support.

Nomination:

• After selection, candidates must submit their nominations to election offices designated by the Election Commission, adhering to a specified deadline.
• The scrutiny process follows the submission of nominations, where the provided information is verified for accuracy.
• If any doubt arises or the candidate is found ineligible, the nomination may be rejected. Once scrutiny concludes, candidates are given a withdrawal date to minimize vote wastage.

Universal Adult Suffrage:

• As per Article 326, elections to the House of the People and Legislative Assemblies rely on adult suffrage. 
• Every Indian citizen aged 18 or above, not disqualified by the Constitution or any law, is entitled to voter registration. Originally set at 21, the minimum voting age was reduced to 18 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act.

General Electoral Roll:

• Article 325 mandates a single General Electoral Roll for each territorial constituency for both parliamentary and state legislative elections. 
• Inclusion in the roll cannot be denied based solely on religion, race, caste, or gender . 
• The electoral roll is updated annually to include new eligible voters and remove those who have died or relocated.

Allotment of Symbols:

• The Election Commission assigns unique symbols to political parties, ensuring they are distinct to prevent voter confusion. Recognizable symbols aid voters in identifying political parties easily.

Campaigning:

• Campaigning involves candidates persuading voters through meetings, podcasts, speeches, processions, etc.
• The Election Commission sets a 48-hour hiatus before the close of polling time.

Process of Polling and Counting of Votes:

• The Election Commission creates an election schedule.
• A specific day is allocated for voting in each constituency.
• Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) display candidate names and party emblems for voting.
• Sealed EVMs are transported to a centralized location for result tabulation.
• EVMs were introduced to address ballot box issues in India.

Media Coverage:

• To enhance transparency, the media is encouraged and facilitated to cover elections, while maintaining vote secrecy. 
• Media personnel receive special access passes to observe and report on the voting and counting procedures at polling stations .

Election Petition:

• The legal process to challenge the outcome of a Parliamentary election is termed an election petition. As per Section 80(A) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, the jurisdiction to hear such petitions falls under Article 329(b ) of the Constitution and resides with the High Court.
• The returned candidate (declared elected) was unqualified on the election day.
• The returned candidate or their election representative engaged in unethical behavior.
• If the High Court, where the petition is filed, verifies any of these grounds, it can declare the returned candidate’s election as invalid. Within five days of the result declaration, any candidate or elector may submit a petition.

Election Machinery:

• The Election Commission receives support from Deputy Election Commissioners, selected from the civil service and appointed by the commission through a tenure system.
• At the state level, the Election Commission is aided by the Chief Electoral Officer, appointed by the Chief Election Commissioner in consultation with the State Government.

Officers Appointed by the Election Commission of India

Major Electoral Reforms in India

• Voting Age Reduction: The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act (1988) lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 for both Lok Sabha and Assembly Elections.
• Introduction of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM): The use of EVMs was authorized in 1989, with their debut in the 1999 Goa Assembly elections. EVMs replaced traditional ballot papers and were exclusively adopted for the 2004 Lok Sabha elections.
• Electors’ Photo Identity Card (EPIC): In 1993, the Election Commission mandated EPICs for voters nationwide to streamline and expedite the electoral process, preventing fraudulent voting and impersonation.
• Prohibition on Liquor Sale: A 48-hour ban on the sale, distribution, or provision of liquor within a polling area was implemented leading up to the conclusion of the poll.
• Disqualification for Violating National Honours Act, 1971: Conviction under this act results in a six-year disqualification from contesting in Parliament and State Legislature elections.
• Time Limit for By-Elections: By-elections are now mandated to be held within six months of a vacancy occurring in any House of Parliament or State Legislature.
• Ceiling on Election Expenditure: The Election Commission set spending limits for individual candidates, ranging from 50-70 lakh for Lok Sabha elections and 20-28 lakh for Assembly Elections, depending on the state.
• Contestants Restricted to Two Constituencies: Candidates are limited to contesting in a maximum of two Parliamentary or Assembly Constituencies in any general or simultaneous by-elections.
• Restriction on Exit Polls: The Election Commission stipulated that exit poll results could only be broadcast after the final phase of elections to prevent potential voters from being misinformed or prejudiced.
• Expansion of Postal Ballot Voting: In 2013, the Election Commission broadened the scope of postal ballot voting to include six categories of voters, extending the privilege beyond Indian staff in missions abroad and limited defense personnel.
• Proxy Voting Option for Armed Forces: Since 2003, service voters in the Armed Forces, subject to the provisions of the Army Act, can opt for proxy voting by appointing a representative in a prescribed format.
• Declaration of Criminal Antecedents, Assets, etc.: In 2003, the Election Commission mandated candidates to disclose their criminal history, pending cases, assets, and educational qualifications and declared any false information in affidavits as an electoral offense punishable by imprisonment up to six months or a fine, or both.
• NOTA Option: None Of The Above (NOTA) was introduced in India as a ballot option, allowing voters to express their disapproval of all candidates in a voting system. 
• This addition followed the 2013 Supreme Court directive in the People’s Union for Civil Liberties v/s Union of India judgment. However, in India, NOTA does not grant the Right to Reject a candidate based on the number of NOTA votes polled.
• Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT): VVPAT is a mechanism implemented to provide feedback to voters using Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs). 
• It serves as an independent verification system, enabling voters to confirm the accuracy of their vote and offering a means to audit electronic results. 
• The VVPAT displays the candidate’s name and the symbol of the party or individual for whom the vote is cast. The EVM, equipped with VVPAT, underwent field testing for the first time in the September 2013 by-election in the Noksen Assembly Constituency in Nagaland. The VVPAT system was introduced as a pilot project in eight out of 543 Parliamentary Constituencies during the Indian General Election in 2014.

Electoral Bond

• Transparency in Election Funding: The government introduced the Electoral Bond Scheme in January 2018 to address concerns related to political sponsorship. 
• Electoral bonds, akin to promissory notes, can be purchased by any Indian citizen or company incorporated in India from select branches of the State Bank of India . 
• The government officially notified this scheme on January 29, 2019. Donors with KYC-compliant accounts can buy bonds in multiples of 1000 up to one crore.
• Political parties registered under Section 29(A) of the Representation of Peoples Act, 1951, and securing at least one percent of the votes in recent General or Assembly Elections are eligible to receive these bonds. 
• Electoral bonds do not disclose the donor’s name, are valid for only fifteen days, and function as bearer instruments, similar to promissory notes, payable to the bearer on demand and free of interest.

Committees on Electoral Reforms

Political Parties

• Political parties are voluntary organizations or groups of people with common views, aiming to gain political power to advance the nation.
• They maintain a continuous connection between the people and their representatives, whether in government or opposition, making them essential to the functioning of the political system.

Political Party System

• There are generally three types of party systems worldwide: one-party system, two-party system, and multi-party system.
• Some countries, like the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, have a one-party system, while China follows a similar structure.
• The United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), Australia, and New Zealand operate under a two-party system. In these cases, other parties may exist but typically play an insignificant role. For example, in the UK, the Conservative Party and the Labour Party are the main players, while the USA has the Republican Party and the Democratic Party.
• In a multi-party system, several parties compete for political power. Countries like India, Japan, France, Germany, and Switzerland fall into this category. Parties can also be classified based on ideologies as left, right, or center, with radical, conservative, and liberal ideologies, respectively.

Functions of Political Parties

• Parties select candidates to contest elections for public office, offering voters a choice.
• They provide the nation’s political leaders by offering candidates for elections, and in the parliamentary system, the winning party or coalition forms the government, while the second-largest becomes the opposition.
• Parties articulate philosophies and develop policies, using various methods to debate issues and formulate election campaign strategies.
• They are responsible for the structure of the government machinery, influencing legislation, and addressing current issues.

Recognition of Political Parties

• The Election Commission recognizes political parties as National or State parties based on their poll results, registering them for electoral use. Other parties are designated as registered but unrecognized.
• The commission’s recognition determines a party’s eligibility for privileges such as the distribution of party emblems, allotment of time for political broadcasts on state-owned media, and access to electoral registers. Recognized parties also need only one proposer to file a nomination.
• Each national party is assigned a unique symbol for exclusive use across the entire nation. 
• Similarly, state parties are granted symbols restricted to the state or states where they have gained recognition. In contrast, registered-unrecognized parties have the flexibility to choose a symbol freely from a provided list. The Election Commission designates some symbols as free symbols for independent candidates and reserves others for candidates endorsed by recognized parties.

Recognition as a National Party:

• A party earns recognition as a national party if it meets one or more of the following criteria:
• Winning four Lok Sabha seats from any state or states and receiving 6% of the valid votes cast in at least four states in a general election for the Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly.
• Gaining 2% of Lok Sabha seats in a general election, with candidates elected from three states, and being recognized as a state party in four states.

Recognition as a State Party:

• A party is recognized as a state party in a particular state if it fulfills one or more of the following conditions:
• Securing two seats in the State Assembly and 6% of the valid votes cast in the state during a general election for the L egislative Assembly of the state. Alternatively, winning 3% of the Legislative Assembly seats or three seats in the Assembly, whichever is greater.
• Winning one seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to the state in a general election to the Lok Sabha in the concerned state. Alternatively, winning 6% of the valid votes cast in the state in a general election to the Lok Sabha from the concerned state.
• Securing 8% of the total valid votes polled in the state at a general election to the Lok Sabha and, in addition, receiving one seat in the Lok Sabha from the concerned state.

Voting Behavior

• Election behavior, also referred to as voter behavior, plays a crucial role in comprehending the process of political socialization.
• Voting behavior is the expression of an individual’s or a group’s attitude at the time of casting their vote.
• This field of study delves into the various factors, both external and internal, that impact voting behavior.

Determinants of Voting Behavior in India:

• Race: In certain regions, race plays a role, as seen in the North-Eastern states, where it can be challenging for a South Indian candidate to get elected, and vice versa.
• Religion plays a crucial role, especially in constituencies where both Hindus and Muslims are present. This has given rise to the support of religion-based parties, despite India being a secular country.
• Casteism: The most significant determinant of voting behavior in India for the past five decades. Parties often give tickets to candidates from castes with a majority in constituencies.
• Regionalism: Gaining importance since the 1990s, regionalism involves demands for separate regions, promotion of region-specific interests, and claims for representation to end exploitation.
• Language: While language may not play a substantial role at the national level, it is a decisive factor in state-level politics.
• Charismatic Leaders: Leaders like JL Nehru, Indira Gandhi, and Jai Prakash Narayan attract voters due to their personal influence, behavior, look, style, and ideology.
• Ideology: Certain political ideologies, such as democracy, socialism, and communism, play a decisive role in shaping voting behavior.
• Development: A significant factor in developed democracies, representing a well-established and smoothly running democratic system. Ideally, development should be a major determinant of voting behavior.
• Incidents: Sudden events and incidents can change political equations and influence voting behavior.
• Cadre: Some voters are emotionally attached to political parties, voting in the name of the party.
• Individuals: The abilities, specialties, and popularity of individual candidates also influence voters.

Role of Indian Regional Parties:

• Effective Leadership: Regional parties offer more effective leadership and stable governance at the regional level.
• Challenge to One-Party System: They pose a challenge to the dominant one-party system in the nation, contributing to the decline of a single-power party.
• Conflict in Centre-State Relations: Due to conflicts in Centre-State relations, the central leadership becomes more attentive to the interests of regional actors, leading to demands for greater autonomy.
• Boost in Public Participation: Regional parties enhance public participation in grassroots politics, making the political landscape more competitive.
• Increased Voter Choices: They provide voters with more choices in both local and parliamentary elections.
• Contribution to Parliamentary Democracy: Regional parties make a vital contribution to the efficient functioning of parliamentary democracy.
• Exposing Partisan Involvement: They have exposed the Governor’s partisan involvement in the appointment and dismissal of the Chief Minister, issuance of ordinances, and the holding of laws for the President’s approval.

Classification of Regional Parties:

• Ethnic or Cultural Basis: Regional parties founded on local ethnicity or culture, such as Shiromani Akali Dal, National Conference, DMK, AIADMK, Telugu Desam, Shiv Sena, Mizo National Front, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, and others.
• All-India Perspective: Regional parties without a strong national electoral base but with an all-Indian perspective, including examples like the Nationalist Congress Party, Revolutionary Socialist Party, Samajwadi Party, All-India Forward Bloc, and Indian National Lok Dal.
• Split in national parties has resulted in the emergence of several regional parties, such as Bangla Congress, Bharatiya Kranti Dal, Utkal Congress, Kerala Congress, Telangana Praja Samithi, Biju Janata Dal, Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Party, and more.

Coalition Politics in India

• In a democratic Parliament, a coalition is formed when no single political party can secure a majority of votes. If two or more parties can agree on a common program without compromising their core policies extensively and collectively have enough elected representatives to constitute a majority, they can form a government.
• Coalition politics involves the joining of various components to create a larger political entity, often seen in alliances of multiple political parties.
• For nearly two decades, the Congress Party enjoyed a majority, winning approximately 45% of the popular vote. 
• However, the accommodative approach of several non-Congress groups led to the formation of a coalition government for the first time in 1977 under the Prime Ministership of Morarji Desai.

Reasons Behind Coalition Politics in India

• Growth of Regional Political Parties: Regional parties provide credible alternatives to national parties in various states.
• Inability of National Parties: National parties struggle to represent the diverse needs of India’s population effectively, leading to the emergence of regional parties.
• National Parties’ Focus on National Issues: The tendency of national parties to prioritize national-level issues is at odds with India’s extremely diverse population.

Merits of Coalition Politics

• Addressing Regional Disparity: Coalition governments are better equipped to address regional disparities compared to single-party rule.
• Democratic Representation: Coalition governments encompass a broader spectrum of public opinion, making the political system more democratic.
• Dynamic Political System: Coalition governments offer a more dynamic political system, providing voters with choices during elections.
• Reflecting Popular Opinion: Coalition governments better reflect the diverse opinions of the electorate.
• Continuity in Administration: Coalition governments provide more continuity in administration.
• Strengthening Federalism: States gain more powers, contributing to the strengthening of the concept of federalism.

Demerits of Coalition Politics

• Potential Democratic Erosion: The balance of power in coalition governments may be held by small parties, potentially eroding democratic principles.
• Lack of Transparency: Coalition governments may be less transparent as manifestos become less relevant when parties cannot form a government independently.
• Instability: Coalition governments are often unstable, prone to frequent collapses and reforms.
• Effectiveness: Compared to governments formed by a single party with a clear ideology, coalition governments may be less effective, durable, and dependable.

Election Laws

• Articles 324 to 329 in Part XV of the Constitution address India’s electoral system. Parliament holds the authority to establish rules for elections to both the Parliament and State Legislatures. 
• The Representation of the People Act of 1950, the Representation of the People Act of 1951, and the Delimitation Commission Act of 2002 provide the legal framework for conducting elections.

Representation of People Act, 1950

• Enacted to govern the distribution of seats in the House of People, as well as Members of Legislative Assemblies and Legislative Councils of States, the Representation of the People Act of 1950 consists of 32 Sections and 8 Parts.
• Provisions under this act include the allocation of seats in the House of Representatives, State Legislatures, and State Legislature Councils.
• It addresses the delimitation of Parliamentary, Assembly, and Council Constituencies.
• The Act establishes guidelines for electoral rolls for Parliament, Assembly, and Council elections, including provisions for local government in State Legislative Council Elections.
• It limits the authority of civil courts in exercising their jurisdiction.
• The Act outlines the procedure for filling seats in the Council of States by representatives from Union Territories.
• Election officials mentioned include Chief Electoral Officers, District Election Officers, and Electoral Registration Officers.

Delimiting Constituencies

• The President of India may alter orders defining constituencies only after consulting the Election Commission of India (ECI). Reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are designated in the Lok Sabha.
• The ECI has the authority to determine which constituencies in Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura shall be reserved for Scheduled Tribes.

Allocation of Seats

• Articles 81 and 170 of the Constitution establish the maximum number of seats in Parliament and Legislative Assemblies of States.  
• Article 171 of the Constitution sets the maximum and minimum seats in the Legislative Council of a State, specifying various methods for seat allocation.
• Representation in the Lok Sabha is determined based on population, as per census data.

Electoral Rolls

• The Act allows the registration of electoral rolls of individuals ordinarily residing in a constituency, including those serving in the Armed Forces or as Central Government employees stationed abroad.
• Certain offices in India, as declared by the President in consultation with the ECI, and their wives are also considered ordinarily residing in India.

Authority to Enact Laws

• The Central Government, after consulting the ECI, holds the authority to enact laws. Civil courts are prohibited from contesting the validity of Electoral Registration Officers’ actions related to electoral roll revision.

Voting Rights

• Indian nationals residing overseas were granted voting rights in 2010, allowing them to register their names in the electoral roll for Parliament/Assembly Constituencies.

Representation of People Act, 1951

• Enacted before the first general elections, the Representation of People Act, 1951 governs the actual conduct of elections in India.
• The Act covers details such as qualifications and disqualifications of members of both Houses of Parliament and State Legislatures, along with rules for the mode of conduct of elections.

Key features of the Representation of People Act, 1951:

Qualifications of elected representatives in parliament and assembly:.

• Constitutional Requirements: In addition to the constitutional criteria outlined in Articles 84 and 173 for Parliament and Assembly, the RPA, 1951 specifies eligibility criteria for representatives.
• Section 3: An individual must be an elector to be eligible for selection as a representative in the Council of States.
• Section 4: A member of the House of People must be a member of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe and a voter in a Parliamentary Constituency if the seat is reserved for these groups.
• Section 5: Qualifications for a member of the Legislative Assembly.
• Minimum Age: The minimum age for becoming an MLA/MP (Lok Sabha) is 25 years.

Disqualifications of Elected Representatives in Parliament and Assembly:

• Constitutional Articles: In addition to the disqualification criteria outlined in Articles 102 and 191 of the Constitution, the RPA of 1951 specifies additional disqualifications laid down by the Parliament.
• Section 8: Disqualification on conviction of certain offenses mentioned in the Act.
• Offenses include gratification for electors, untouchability, sati, domestic violence, dowry, promotion of enmity between communities, obtaining assistance from government officials, bribery, and involvement in importing/exporting prohibited goods.
• Section 8 (3): Conviction of any other crime leading to a sentence of two years or more results in disqualification for six years from the date of release.

Election Petitions:

• Section 80: The RPA of 1951 outlines the procedure for presenting election petitions to challenge election-related issues. High Courts have original jurisdiction in certain cases.
• Registering Political Parties: Section 29(A), Part IV (A): The Election Commission of India is authorized to register political parties based on specific criteria, dividing them into national and state parties.

Decriminalizing Indian Politics:

• Prohibition: The Act prevents individuals with a criminal background from entering the electoral process, contributing to breaking the nexus between politicians, police, and criminals.

Accountability and Transparency:

• Expenditure Monitoring: The Act incorporates an expenditure monitoring mechanism ensuring transparency and accountability when candidates utilize public resources or misuse their authority for personal gain.

Model Code of Conduct:

• Issued by the Election Commission: The code provides guidelines for political parties and candidates after the announcement of polls, covering activities like meetings, processions, and conduct on polling days.
• Immediate Enforcement: It comes into force immediately after the election announcement.
• Main Features: Prohibits activities that can cause tension between people of different regions, castes, communities, or religions.

Restrictions and Guidelines during Elections:

• Places of Worship: Mosques, churches, temples, or other places of worship should not be utilized for election propaganda.
• Respectful Conduct: Parties must ensure that their supporters do not obstruct functions organized by other parties and refrain from making comments on the private lives of leaders or workers from opposing parties.
• Land Usage: No party or candidate is allowed to use an individual’s land, building, compound wall, etc., without permission for election-related activities such as erecting flagstaffs, suspending banners, pasting notices, or writing slogans.
• Voter Integrity: Voters should not be intimidated or bribed to vote for a particular party or candidate.
• Procession Protocol: Parties and candidates must inform the police and local authorities before organizing any procession, providing a route map and adhering strictly to the designated route.

Restrictions on the Ruling Party:

• Fair Play: The Code ensures that the party in power, whether at the center or state, does not use official machinery or personnel for electioneering.
• Poll-related advertisements at public expense are prohibited, and official mass media should not be misused for political news coverage.
• Equal Opportunities: The Code ensures that all parties have an equal opportunity to hold election meetings at public places and use public infrastructure.
• Discretionary Funds: Ministers are prohibited from sanctioning grants and related payments out of discretionary funds from the day an election is announced. Laying foundation stones for new projects and ad-hoc appointments are disallowed during this period.

Polling Day Code:

• Authorized Identification: Every party must issue badges and ID cards to authorized workers.
• Crowd Control: Unnecessary crowds outside a candidate’s camp are prohibited to prevent clashes between contesting parties.
• No Food or Refreshments: No food or refreshments can be served to voters on polling day.
• Liquor Distribution: The Code mandates no distribution of liquor on polling day or 24 hours before the polls.

Delimitation Act, 2002:

• Constitutional Basis: Articles 82 and 170 of the Constitution empower the division of states into territorial constituencies based on the 2001 Census.
• SC and ST Representation: The number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is adjusted according to Articles 330 and 332, based on the 2001 Census.
• Present Delimitation: The present constituency boundaries, formed based on the 2001 Census, will remain in operation until the first Census after 2026.

Delimitation Commission:

• Redrawing Boundaries: Delimitation is the process of redrawing boundaries to ensure an approximately equal number of people in each constituency.
• Commission Formation: The Central Government constitutes a Delimitation Commission, led by a retired Supreme Court Judge, in collaboration with the Election Commission of India and State Election Commissions.
• Binding Decisions: The Delimitation Commission’s decisions are binding and cannot be challenged in court.
• The Anti-Defection Act, popularly known as the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, was introduced in the Constitution of India with the main aim of preventing political defections, promoting stability in politics, and fostering loyalty among Members of Parliament. 
• This Schedule, also known as the Tenth Schedule, provides provisions for the disqualification of elected members on the grounds of defection to another political party.

Key Provisions of the Anti-Defection Law:

• Voluntary Membership Relinquishment: Disqualification occurs if an elected member voluntarily gives up membership of a political party.
• Voting Against Party Directive: If a member votes or abstains from voting in the House contrary to any direction issued by the political party, disqualification may be enforced.
• Independent Members Joining Parties: Independent members joining any political party can face disqualification.
• Nominated Members Joining Parties: If nominated members join any political party after six months, they are subject to disqualification.
• Decision Authority: Disqualification questions are referred to the Speaker or the Chairman of the House, and their decision is considered final.
• Proceedings Considered Parliamentary: All proceedings related to disqualification under this Schedule are deemed to be proceedings in Parliament or the Legislature of a State.
• Merger and Validity: Earlier, the merger of elected members of a political party was considered valid. However, the 91st Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 now requires at least two-thirds of the members’ approval for validity.
• Recognition of Merger: The amendment recognizes a merger but not a split in a Legislature Party.
• Eligibility for Re-election: Members disqualified under the law can stand for elections from any political party for a seat in the same House.
• Judicial Review: Decisions on disqualification on grounds of defection are subject to judicial review.
• Rule-Making Authority: The Presiding Officer of a House is empowered to make rules to implement the provisions of the Tenth Schedule, and these rules must be presented before the House for 30 days.
• Defection Matter Handling: The Presiding Officer can only take up a defection matter after receiving a complaint from a House member. Before making a final decision, the member under complaint is allowed to submit justification, or the matter may be directed to the privileges committee for investigation.

Pressure Groups:

• Pressure groups are non-partisan interest groups aiming to influence public policy formulation and administration. Their role is indirect, often invisible, and intermittent but plays a crucial part in the administrative system.
• To influence legislators, pressure groups employ legal and legitimate techniques, including lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propaganda, petitioning, public arguing, and maintaining contacts.

Types of Pressure Groups:

• Institutional Pressure Groups : Formally organized groups with professionally employed individuals, part of the government machinery, raising protests with constitutional means (e.g., Bureaucracy, Army, Central Election Committee).
• Anomie Pressure Groups: Analogous to individual self-representation, may be constitutional or unconstitutional (e.g., ULFA, Naxalites, Kashmir Liberal Front).
• Associational Pressure Groups: Organized specialized groups pursuing limited goals for interest articulation (e.g., Trade Union, Student Association, Teachers Association).
• Non-Associational Pressure Groups: Informal groups, including Caste Group, Language Group, Syndicate, Gandhian Group, etc.

Functions, Role, and Importance of Pressure Groups:

• Bring people’s interests to policymakers’ attention and aid in political socialization.
• Engage in lobbying with lawmakers for favorable laws or policy changes.
• Use legal avenues to advance objectives, including court appearances to resolve grievances.
• Facilitate effective participation of all society sections in decision-making.
• Assist opposition parties in developing constructive criticism of administrative policies.

Major Pressure Groups in India:

• Business Group: Influences planning bodies, economic ministers, and budget formulation (e.g., CII, ACC, FICCI).
• Peasant’s Organizations: All India Kisan Congress, All Kisan Kamgar, Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU).
• Student’s Organizations: All Bengal Student Association, AISF, Student’s Federation of India, NSUI, ABVP.
• Community Associations: Safeguarding respective religions (e.g., Schedule Caste Federation, Vishwa Hindu Parishad).
• Linguistic Groups: Promoting certain languages (e.g., Tamil Sangh, Hindi Protection Parishad).
• Ideology-Based Groups : Pursue specific ideologies, causes, principles, or programs (e.g., Narmada Bachao Andolan, Chipko Movement, Gandhi Peace Foundation).
• Tribal Regional Groups: Active tribal interest groups (e.g., United Mizo Federal Organisation, NSCN, All-India Jharkhand).
• Professional Groups : Various professional interest groups (e.g., India Bar Association, All India Medical Council, AIFUCT).

Interest Groups

• An interest group is commonly identified as an organized body of individuals who share goals and who try to influence public policy.
• Interest groups fall into five main categories: economic interests, private and public institutional interests, cause groups, non-associational groups, and public interests. 
• These groups play a role in providing inputs on people’s grievances, allowing the government to take corrective measures. For instance, organizations like the Bank Employees Association and Railway Mazdoor Union represent specific concerns. Industrial interest groups, such as FICCI and CII, have also exerted influence on the country’s commercial and Foreign Trade Policy (FTP).
• Lobbying remains one of the most controversial activities in modern democracies. While it offers valuable policy-related information and expertise to the government, the lack of transparency in these activities can jeopardize public interest in favor of specific interests. 
• It is noteworthy that lobbying is not outright banned in any country globally, including India. 
• Only a handful of nations, such as the USA, Canada, Australia, Germany, and Taiwan, have regulations governing lobbying activities, treating them as a legitimate right of citizens.
• In India, lobbyists are often perceived as representatives of large businesses engaging in corrupt practices to advance their agendas. Nonetheless, there are groups like Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan ( MKSS) that advocate for policy reforms and the right to information.

Prelims Facts

• The election recommendation comes from the election commission, and the election notification is issued by the President and Governor of the concerned state [IAS (Pre) 1995, Manipur PSC (Pre) 2014].
• A constitutional amendment in 1989 transformed the Election Commission into a Three Members Commission [UPPSC (Pre) 2006].
• The State Election Commission is formed under Article 243 K and 243 ZA [UPPSC (Pre) 2015].
• The Tarkunde Committee was constituted for election reforms [MPSC (Pre) 2015].
• Proportional representation ensures majority rule [UPPSC (Pre) 2013].
• One drawback of single-member constituencies is the narrowing of people’s choices regarding representatives [MPSC (Pre) 2013]. 
• State funding of elections occurs in Germany and Austria [IPSC (Pre) 2001]. 
• The Anti-Defection law provides for the disqualification of members defecting from one political party to another [UPPSC (Mains) 2010]. 
• Candidates must provide information and an affidavit about punishment for crime and age certification while filing nomination papers [MPPSC (Pre) 2017].
• Vote by mail is termed absentee or mail-in voting [IPSC (Pre) 2008]. 
• The Model Code of Conduct for elections is an essential tool for free and fair elections [MPPSC (Pre) 2016]. 
• Bihar holds the record for the maximum number of coalition governments formed between 1967 and 1971 [UPPSC (Pre) 2013].
• In the 1989 Lok Sabha election, 112 candidates contested from one constituency with a newspaper-sized ballot [MPPSC (Pre) 2017].
• The Votes Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was first used in the Noksen Assembly Constituency, Nagaland [IAS (Pre) 2019]. 
• Article 324 in the Indian Constitution is related to the establishment of the Election Commission [UKPSC (Pre) 2010]. 
• The Chief Election Commissioner’s status is equivalent to Article 324 [UPPSC (Pre) 2016, BPSC (Pre) 2020]. 
• The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President or a Supreme Court Judge [UK UDA/LDA (Pre) 2017, UPPSC (Mains) 2016].
• Election to the office of the President is conducted by the Election Commission of India [UPPSC (Mains) 2009].
• The 11th Lok Sabha Election in 1996 resulted in a Hung Parliament [APSC (Pre) 2014]. 
• Adult franchise was first exercised in the general election of 1952 [UPPSC (Pre) 2011]. 
• The right to vote and be elected in India is a constitutional right [UP UDA/LDA (Pre) 2013, UPPSC (Pre) 2017].
• The first delimitation of constituencies in India was done in 1952 [MPPSC (Pre) 2015]. 
• Party system is a comprehensive system of the political system [MPPSC (Pre) 2013] . 
• To be recognized as a National party, a political party must have 6% vote share in 4 states [APSC (Pre) 2015]. 
• The Representation of the People’s Act, 1951 provides for the registration of political parties [UPPSC (Pre) 2001]. 
• Political parties gained constitutional recognition for the first time in 1985 [UPPSC (Mains) 2010].
• The Telugu Desam Party emerged as the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha in the 1984 elections [UP Lower 2008, MPSC (Pre) 2017]. 
• The Shiromani Akali Dal is based on the support of a single religious community [MPPSC (Pre) 2007].
• The 61st Amendment reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years [UKPSC (Mains)].

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: what is the significance of the election commission in the indian electoral process.

A1: The Election Commission plays a crucial role in ensuring free and fair elections in India. It is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes at various levels. The Commission conducts elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the offices of the President and Vice President. Its primary objectives include maintaining the integrity of the electoral process, preventing electoral malpractices, and providing a level playing field for all political parties.

Q2: How does the Election Commission ensure the fairness of elections in India?

A2: The Election Commission employs various measures to ensure the fairness of elections. It oversees the electoral roll preparation, which includes updating voter lists and ensuring the inclusion of eligible voters. The Commission enforces the Model Code of Conduct to regulate the behavior of political parties and candidates during election campaigns. It also deploys election observers to monitor the entire electoral process and takes necessary actions against any violations. Additionally, the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) enhances the transparency and accuracy of the voting process.

Q3: What are the salient features of the Indian political party system?

A3: The Indian political party system is characterized by several features:

• Multi-party System : India has a multi-party system where several political parties compete for power. The presence of regional and national parties reflects the diversity of the country.
• Coalition Politics : Due to the multi-party system, coalition governments are common at the central and state levels. Parties often form alliances to secure a majority in the legislatures.
• Dynastic Politics : Some political parties in India have a tradition of dynastic politics, where leadership is often passed down within a family. This phenomenon is observed in several prominent political families.
• Ideological Diversity : Indian political parties span a wide ideological spectrum, including socialist, liberal, conservative, and regional ideologies. This diversity reflects the complex socio-cultural fabric of the country.

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• UPSC NCERT Notes – Indian Polity – Miscellaneous (Political Theories and Ideologies Foreign Policy, Panchsheel Agreement, NAM, etc.)
• UPSC NCERT Notes – Indian Polity – The Union and its Territories
• UPSC NCERT Notes – Indian Polity – Governance
• UPSC NCERT Notes – Indian Polity – Constitutional and Non-Constitutional Bodies

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• IAS Preparation
• UPSC Preparation Strategy

Political Parties in India

Political Parties are a crucial topic in the Polity segment in the UPSC CSE Exam. In India political parties assume different dynamic features. What they are will be elaborated upon in this article.

The information in this article will be useful for candidates attempting the  IAS exam

Definition and Types of Political Parties

Political parties are voluntary associations or organised groups of individuals who share the same political views and who try to gain power via constitutional means and who desire to promote national interests.

In modern democratic states, there are four types of political parties

• Reactionary parties which cling to the old socio-economic and political institutions
• Conservative parties that believe in status-quo
• Liberal parties that aim to change and reform the existing institutions
• Radical parties which aim at establishing a new order by overthrowing the existing institutions

Political parties are also classified as per the ideologies. Political scientists have placed radical parties on the left, liberal parties in the centre and reactionary and conservative parties on the right.

In India, CPI and CPM are examples of leftist parties, Congress of centrist parties and the BJP is an example of rightist parties.

There are three kinds of party systems in the world:

(i) The one party system in which only one party rules and no opposition party is permitted. The Soviet Union was an example of one party system.

(ii) Two-party system on which two major parties exist. For example the Republicans and the Democrats in the United States.

(iii) Multi-party system on which there are a number of political parties lead to the formation of coalition governments. India, France and Switzerland are examples of multi-party systems.

To know more in detail about the Rajya Sabha , visit the linked article.

Party System in India – Download PDF Here

Characteristics of Party System in India

The following are the characteristics of the party system in India:

• Multi-Party System: The continental size of the, the diversified characteristics of the Indian society, the adoption of universal adult franchise, the peculiar type of political processes have given rise to a large number of political parties. In fact, India has the largest number of political parties in the world.Further, India has all categories of parties – left parties, centrist parties, right parties and so on. Consequently the hung Parliaments, hung assemblies and coalition governments have become a common phenomenon in Indian politics.
• One-Dominant Party Systems : In spite of the multiparty system, the political scene in India was dominated for a long period by the Congress. Hence, Rajni Kothari, an eminent political analyst, preferred to call the Indian party system as ‘one party dominance system’ or the ‘Congress System’.The dominant position enjoyed by the  Congress has been on the decline since 1967 with the rise of regional parties and other national parties like the Janata Dal and BJP.
• Lack of Clear Ideology: Except the BJP, the  CPI and CPM, all other parties do not have a clear-cut ideology. They (i.e., all other aeries) are ideologically closer to each other. They have a close resemblance in their policies and programmes. Almost every party advocates democracy, secularism , socialism and Gandhism. Moreover, every party , including the so-called ideological parties, is guided by only one consideration – power capture. Thus, politics has become issue-based rather than ideology and pragmatism has replaced the commitment of its principles.
• Personality Cult: Quite often, the parties are organised around an eminent leader who becomes more important than the party and its ideology. Parties are known by their leaders and their ideology. Parties  are known by their leaders rather than by their manifesto. It is a fact that the popularity of the Congress was mainly due to the leadership of Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. It is the same case for the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu and TDP in Andhra Pradesh  which got recognition with MG Ramachandran and NT Rama Rao respectively.
• Based on Traditional Factors: In the western counties, the political parties are formed on the basis of socio-economic and political programmes. On the other hand, a large number of parties in India are formed on the basis of religion, caste, language, culture and so on. For example, Shiv Sena, Muslim League, Hindu Maha Sabha and so on. These parties work for the promotion of a given community and sectional interests that undermine the general public interest.
• Emergence of Regional  Parties: Another significant feature of the Indian party system is the emergence of a large number of regional parties and their growing role. They have become the ruling parties in various states like BJD in Orissa, DMK or AIADMK in Tamil Nadu, Akali Dal in Punjab and so on. In the beginning, they were confined to regional politics only. But of late they have come to play a significant role in the national politics due to coalition governments at the Centre.

Learn more about regionalism in the given link.

• Faction and Defections: Factionalism, defections , splits, mergers, polarisation and so on have been an important aspect of the functioning political parties in India. Lust for power and materialistic conditions have made political parties leave their party and join another party.The practice of defections gained greater currency after the fourth general elections in 1967. This phenomenon caused instability both at the Centre and in the states and led to disintegration of the parties.
• Lack of Effective Opposition: An effective Opposition is very essential for the successful operation of the parliamentary democracy prevalent in India. It checks the autocratic tendencies of the ruling party and provides an alternative government. However, in the last 50 years an effective, strong, organised and visible national Opposition could never emerge except in flashes.

The opposition parties have no unity and very often adopt mutually conflicting positions with respect to the ruling party. They have failed to play a constructive role in the functioning of the body politic and in the process of nation building.

Recognition of National and State Parties

The Election Commission registers political parties for the purpose of elections and grants them recognition as national or state parties on the basis of their poll performance. The other parties are simply declared as registered-unrecognised parties.

The recognition granted by the Commission to the parties determines their right to certain privileges like allocation of the party symbols, provision of time for political broadcasts on the state-owned television and radio stations and access to electoral rolls.

Every national party is allotted a symbol exclusively reserved for its use throughout the country. Similarly, every state party is allotted a symbol exclusively reserved for its use in the states in which it is so recognised. A registered-unrecognised party, on the other hand, can select a symbol from a list of free symbols.

In other words, the Commission specifies certain symbols as ‘reserved symbols’ which are meant for the candidates set up by the recognised pirates and others as ‘free symbols’ which are meant for the other candidates.

The conditions for recognition as National Party and State Party are as follows:

National Party:

• Secure at least 6% of the valid vote in an Assembly or a Lok Sabha General Election in any four or more states and won at least 4 seats in a Lok Sabha General Election from any State or States
• If a party wins two % of seats in the Lok Sabha at a general election and these candidates are elected from three states. An additional criteria includes if the party is recognised as a state party in four states.

State Party:

• If the party secures 6% of the valid votes polled in the state at a general election to the legislative assembly of the state concerned and in addition wins 2 seats in the assembly of the state concerned.
• The state party secures 6% of the valid votes polled in the state at a general election to the Lok Sabha from the state concerned. In addition if it wins 1 seat in the Lok Sabha from the state concerned.
• If it wins 3% of the seats in the legislative assembly at a general election to the legislative assembly of the state concerned or 3 seats in the assembly, whichever is more.
• If it wins 1 seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to the state at a general electron to the Lok Sabha from the concerned states
• If the state party secures 8% of the total valid votes polled in the state at a General Elections to the Lok Sabha from the state or to the legislative assembly of the state. The condition was added in 2011.

Frequently Asked Question about LIC AAO Exam

What is a multi-party system in india, how many political parties are there in india, what is meant by the party system.

Aspirants can find complete information about upcoming Government Exams through the linked article. More exam-related preparation materials will be found through the links given below

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• Indian Politics Essay

Essay on Indian Politics

The functioning of the political system is crucial for the smooth development of any country. India is no different. From being the largest democracy in the world and having the Prime Minister as the supreme leader of the country, Indian politics has its own charisma. 

In the given below Indian politics essay, one can read all about the Indian political system, it's functioning, and the problems faced by it. For India, political scenarios and events play an important role. 

The Various Shades of Indian Politics  

India is the largest democracy in the world. Almost 1 out of every 6 humans in the world is an Indian. With such an enormous and diverse population, there are a number of political ideologies and political parties which are present and functioning all over the country. The constitution of India gives the right to every citizen of the country to form political parties and contest elections in the country. Although, Politics in India is not only limited to just political parties but has become central to all walks of life among everyone. Politics is said to be the art of influencing the will of the state. We have seen various pressure groups, advocacy groups, interests groups, etc which work in tandem with the political organizations. The work of the political parties is not just limited to winning elections, but it is the duty of every citizen of the country to ensure that our representatives remain responsive to the demand of the people and fulfill their electoral promises. 

Political parties in India are generally of two major categories, these are National Parties and Regional parties. The National parties are those political organizations that have a substantial presence in most parts of the country while the Regional parties are those parties that are limited to just one state or a few states where they have some influence. The regional parties are generally formed on the lines of language as the states in India have been organized on the basis of language. The various political interest groups work along with these political parties to lobby for their interest and make sure that the issues which are of concern to the common people are brought to the attention of our leaders. The Media also plays a very vital role in the functioning of a democracy and has been recognized as the fourth pillar of a democracy. 

Long Essay on Indian Politics

The functioning of the political system is crucial for the smooth development of any country. India is no different. From being the largest democracy in the world and having the Prime Minister as the supreme leader of the country, Indian politics has its own charisma. In the given below Indian politics essay, one can read all about the Indian political system, it's functioning, and the problems faced by it. For India, political scenarios and events play an important role. 

Through this essay on Indian politics, one can get enlightened about working in the country's political system. The entire country revolves around the Indian political system. Every decision and law is taken into account for the development of the country. 

An Indian politician is somebody who is elected from his/her constituency. Every politician has their constituency from where they are elected. They then actively delve into politics. Since independence, India has strived forward thanks to the laws implemented by politicians. Indians can take pride in the fact that they are the largest democracy in the world. The PM or prime minister heads the country. He is the head of the government formed at the center. Likewise, the president is head of the central and the state government. 

The Indian parliament consists of the upper and lower house. The upper house is known as the Rajya Sabha and the lower house is called the Lok Sabha. The upper house consists of members who represent the states of the country. The lower house consists of members elected to represent the people of the country. The Supreme Court or SC is the protector of the constitution of India. Indian politics comprises three pillars that consist of the central leadership, state leadership, and the village or panchayat raj. The panchayat ray is still prominent in several villages and most rural parts of the country. Thanks to the 73rd constitutional amendment, local governance is acceptable. India is a democratic country where the leaders are elected through elections held once in four years. 

The party with the largest vote bank after the election can claim their victory. To vote in India, one must be an Indian citizen, and above 18 years of age. They need to obtain an election card. Anybody can contest in the elections in India. The individual should be an Indian citizen and have completed 25 years of age. Additionally, there are a few more conditions to be met that most candidates become eligible for. In India, there are no criteria for contesting elections. Hence, it is not surprising to note that many legislators have little to no education. One can use NOTA when they feel that their constituent candidate is not well-educated or is worthy of the position. 

In this paragraph on Indian politics, one learns about the lack of educational qualifications for the politicians. In most of the developed and developing countries, the politicians are an educated lot. Education and corruption cannot go hand in hand. The opposition needs to be proactive and take a tough stance on the ruling of the government. The country's few significant parties include BJP, Indian National Congress, CPI, AAP, BSP, and the SP. 

It is safe to say that the political scenario can be changed for the greater good of the country and society. 

Short Essay on Indian Politics

The information given below is suitable for the Indian politics essay 10th class syllabus. Students can make use of it during their examinations. In this short essay on Indian politics, one can read about the nuances of Indian politics. 

Indian politics is compared to a great circus where different political parties fight till the end. Most of the elections are marred by corruption on a large scale. Sadly, the country's political climate decides on the communal, social, and economic condition of the country. In this paragraph on Indian politics, one finds out that when the political situation is unstable, then it gives rise to unwanted problems like civil wars and revolutions, as seen in Libya, Syria, and Egypt. 

Indian politics has seen it all, right from the birth of the two single largest parties in India, the partition, emergency period, India-Bangladesh war, and the terror attacks. It is a colorful game indeed with plenty of good and bad happening side-by-side. One can hope that India progresses and matures with time. Hopefully, it will be for the greater good and development of the nation. The essay about Indian politics has shown that the freedom of choosing the kind of ideology one wants to take itself lies in Indian democracy.

Conclusion 

To conclude the Indian politics essay in English, the Indian political scenario has seen it all. Rulers of dynamic capabilities and charismatic character have taken over the realms of the country. 

Likes of Jawaharlal Nehru and Narendra Modi have adorned the coveted position of this country, which is a moment of pride for any Indian. 

FAQs on Indian Politics Essay

1. What can one learn from the essay on Indian Politics?

The Indian politics essay reveals the existing Indian political system in the country. It is similar to a game of snake and ladders. Friends become one's enemies, and sworn enemies share the dais during election rallies.

It is becoming a common sight today. Indians can be proud of the fact that they are the largest democracy existing in the world. In Indian politics, the prime minister is the head, and power is equally divided between the central and state governments.

2. Does it help Indian Politics in electing educated ministers?

The main issue plaguing the Indian political system is the lack of education. Even ministers occupying senior positions in the country are devoid of quality education. One can blame the lack of criteria when electing the minister.

This has been going on for decades, and quick changes must be imminent for the betterment of the country. It would help in routing problems like corruption that is the root cause of all issues in the country.

3. What is Politics?

Politics is a very wide subject that does not have one definite answer, for most people it is about winning elections and getting the key to state power. However, according to one of the widely accepted definitions, Politics is the art of influencing the will of the state, which means that not only the political parties and the politicians but every citizen has an active role to play in the politics of this country.

4. Which is a democracy?

According to the famous definition given by Abraham Lincoln, Democracy is a form of government that is for the people, by the people, and of the people. This is good to give a basic sense of the idea of democracy but in the more general sense, it is people deciding what is good for them and taking an active part in the decision-making process of the country.

5.  What is the difference between a democracy and a republic?

Democracy is the form of government in which it is considered that the people will be deciding how to govern themselves. While in a Republic, the people give the franchise of their mandate to a selected candidate who represents them in the seat of governance. So the Republic is the enshrinement of the will of the people into a system that selects the people who govern them while democracy makes them responsive to the people who vote for them.

6. How can the write ups along with important questions for Indian Politics be downloaded from Vedantu?

The Online resources at Vedantu can easily be accessed using 4 steps:

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You can avail all the well-researched and good quality chapters, sample papers, syllabus on various topics from the website of Vedantu and its mobile application available on the play store.

7.  What is the importance of elections in Indian democracy?

Elections play a very vital role in any functioning democracy in the world. Elections are the litmus test on how democracy has been working because without a free and fair election process, No true democracy can survive and if the election process is not free and fair then the belief of people will turn away from democratic politics. However, elections should not be seen as the endgame of democracy as a public partition in the development process must be ensured to keep democracy vibrant.

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The Dynamics of Party System in India: A Comparative Study of National and Regional Parties

2022, Political Science Review

The purpose of the study is the structure of political parties and a comparative analysis of the party system in the Republic of India. The research aims to investigate the parties' functioning, power structure, dynamics and their role in forming the government at the centre and state levels in the country. In addition, the study analyses the parties' approaches as actors to make a coalition government in various provincial governments. The research used a comparative method analysis to achieve the purpose of this study and describe the source methods for testing the research objectives. The study finds the comprehensive relevance of parties’ role in the Indian political system. Finally, the result of the article finds to the conclusion that the multi-party system provides multiple opportunities for people to participate in the democratic process in India.

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Vol.4, No. 1, pp. 1-7, 2016

The party political domain of India is replete with a large number of parties representing the tapestry of Indian society. Many of them are based in specific regions and states, built around social and linguistic identities. While this enhanced the representative character of the parties, it also contributed to varied patterns of political competition and unstable governments. The two major national parties – the Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party-becoming coalitionable heralded an era of coalition governments both at the Centre and states, enabling parties to increase their power and their pay-offs. Parties across the political spectrum have tended to converge on macroeconomic policy, but continue to diverge on social policies and larger issues that confront India, such as nation building and secularism. Chronic lack of internal democracy coupled with the rise of political corruption and clientelist practices are matters of serious concern. A broader view of governance, resisting temptations to concentrate power and pursue personal enrichment, would enable parties to deliver policies for a better, more just society. We may deprecate India's political parties, the way they function and the means party leaders adopt to maximize electoral support. We may blame them for the ills we see in Indian society and political practice. Such an attitude is not unjustified. Yet we cannot ignore the role parties have played in bringing about a massive democratic political transformation over the past six decades since independence. This transformation was by no means inevitable: most former colonies went through periods of political instability, military coups and authoritarian regimes, but India has moved towards legally-based democratization. The mediating role political parties have played in bringing about this democratic transformation in a relatively peaceful manner, in a short span of time and under conditions considered not very conducive to democratic development, cannot be underestimated. They have assisted in the consolidation and expansion of democracy, popularized the notions of equality, social justice and freedom, and opened doors for inclusion, voice and empowerment of the weaker sections of society. Superficially political parties may appear to divide people, but parties also attenuate conflict, and show the way for people to come together. Thus, the party domain in India is full of intense struggle over contentious social and policy issues and also the space in which compromise and consensus are hammered out. What is required, therefore, is a critical and balanced assessment of parties that takes into account their strengths and achievements as well their weaknesses and failings in furthering democracy and governance.

International Journal of Political Science and Governance, 2023

This research paper aims to analyze the multi-party system in India, examining its historical evolution, current trends, challenges, and the potential implications for the country's political landscape and governance. By delving into the intricacies of the Indian multi-party system, this paper intends to shed light on the complexities of coalition politics, voter behavior, and the impact of diverse political ideologies on policy-making.

Existing scholarship in comparative politics has either focused on the lack of regionally-based cleavages or on political and economic centralisation to explain the dominance of polity-wide parties. Using a multi-method approach at the sub-national level in India, I argue that political and economic centralisation and the lack of distinct sub-national cleavages are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions to explain the dominance of polity-wide parties. I argue that the key explanation behind their dominance is the presence of autonomy within these polity-wide parties. Existing literature in comparative politics associate more intra-party autonomy with competition from non-polity-wide parties whereas this paper shows that it is the lack of autonomy within polity-wide parties that contributes to the growth of non-polity-wide parties. Empirically, it combines evidence from a unique dataset on the internal organisations of the two main polity-wide parties, the Congress Party and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), with comparative qualitative evidence from two Indian states, namely Gujarat and Maharashtra.

The Indian Journal of Public Administration, 1994

isara solutions, 2019

In modern democracies, Political Parties are almost indispensable part of present day democratic political systems. They play a vital role in formation of government and formulation of public policies. The proper functioning of any government depends upon the healthy political party system in a country. Regarding the evaluation and contemporary trends of Indian party system, it is well said that, “No democracy can function without political parties”. The thought of ‘party-less democracy is an utopia’. A political party has its own programmes and ideology which are vital for its performance. They perform several functions which include formulation of a policy on the basis of which they contest elections. This chapter will explore the works and writings pertaining to the party system and party politics in India. It shall also discuss the ideology, support base and vote mobilization strategies of parties and their frequent alliance mergers and disintegrations.

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Seminar on Development Studies, University of …, 2002

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Essay on Political Parties in India

In a modern democratic political system of India, with governments based on Parliamentary model, political parties are central to the working of the political system.

Political parties in Indian Democracy grow up the as spokesman of organized interests. Thus, a Political party system in India is an organization of like minded people based together either to preserve and promote group interests or to promote a particular ideology. Usually every party seeks to promote some particular interest and ideology. The political party constantly seeks to capture governmental powers to secure its ends. In a democracy, the party gets into power through elections.

In a Parliamentary system such of India,  the political party winning the majority of seats in the Lower House of the Parliament forms the Government, while the Party or Parties failing to get the majority constitutes the opposition. Thus the Parliamentary government is always a Party government. It may be the government of a single party or it may be the government of a coalition of parties.

The existence of different political parties has many advantages. The citizens of our country can experiment with the different parties alternately. They give chance to one party with a set of programs. They can see whether these political parties are doing good work for the country. After some times they try another party with another set of programs and see how far these are superior to their predecessors.

The nature of political party system in India was characterized by Morris Jhones as a dominant one party system. It means that India basically has a multi-party system but one among the many parties is dominant party and monopolizes governmental power. Since independence up to the 4th general election in 1947 this was precisely the picture. The Congress party was in power during all the twenty years from 1947-67 both at the centre and in the states with a brief exception in Kerala in 1958. The 1967 elections saw the fall of the Congress monopoly in several states where unstable coalitions were established. The sixth General Election in 1977 witnessed the fall of the Congress at the centre. The Janata Government was established. But the Janata experiment soon failed. For Janata was in reality an unstable coalition. The Congress gained back its power in 1980. Then there was a B.J.P. coalition government at the centre and in few states. Then, Congress remained in power from 2004 to 2014.

In the election of 2014, B.J.P got the majority and formed the central Government under the leadership of Shri Narendra Modi.

On the basis of their influence and aspirations, parties in India fall into two categories:

• All India politicalparties and
• Regional political parties.

Thus the Congress (I) or the Jananta Dal or the Bharatiya Janata Party (B.J.P) are truly All India parties having some sort of influence throughout India and having All India aspirations.

There are some other political parties which are professedly All India parties but their influence is limited to particular regions. They may be classed us regional parties with All India aspirations. The Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India, the Forward Block, the Revolutionary Socialist Party (R.S.P), Trinamool Congress etc. fall into this category. The influence of the C.P.I. (M) for example is concentrated in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura.

The regional political parties are those which are frankly regional in their aspirations emphasizing their ethnic or linguistic identities. The D.M.K. or the A.I.A.D.M.K. in Tamil Nadu, the Telugu Desham in Andhra, and the A.G.P. in Assam or the National Conference in Jammu and Kashmir fall into this category.

On the basis of ideology, there is existence of various types of political parties in India such as conservative, liberal democratic and revolutionary parties.

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