mla or apa format for research paper

MLA vs. APA: Citations and Format

MLA and APA are two different methods for styling an academic paper. Each has its own rules and guidelines for citing sources, formatting your pages, and usage (such as when to spell out numbers). Because each format is tied to different academic subjects, chances are you’ll have to use both at some point—which means you’ll need to learn the differences between them.

In this guide, we explain what exactly separates MLA and APA. We’ll talk about the differences between MLA and APA referencing styles, plus we’ll contrast their different approaches to formatting papers. We’ll also include some MLA and APA examples so you understand how to use either style.

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MLA vs. APA: What’s the difference?

MLA format and APA format are different sets of rules for how an academic paper should look. They both outline, with their own instructions, how to do things like cite sources, structure a paper, and format pages. They both also provide style guidelines, like instructions for which words to capitalize in titles, how to write authors’ names, or when to spell out numbers.

Typically, which format you use depends on the subject. MLA format is preferred for the humanities: languages, literature, philosophy, religion, ethics, and the arts, like film or painting. APA format is used by the social sciences: psychology, sociology, anthropology, education, and some business topics, along with engineering.

MLA vs. APA vs. Chicago

The MLA and APA formats, along with the Chicago format, make up the three main styles of academic writing. While they have a lot in common, each still has its own unique and particular rules for citations, grammar, and page formats.

It’s not so much about choosing your favorite; which style you use depends on the subject you’re writing about or the restrictions of your assignment. We already mentioned which subjects use MLA and APA above, while Chicago is the preferred style for history and historical topics.

Difference between MLA and APA referencing style

Even though there are numerous variations in formatting and grammar between the two styles, the biggest difference between MLA and APA is the referencing style. Each format has its own way of handling citations that includes both the big picture (like how to write the bibliography page) and the minutiae (like whether or not to include the year of publication in parenthetical citations ).

MLA vs. APA: In-text citations

Embedded directly “in the text,” in-text citations are succinct shout-outs to the source where you got your information. Unlike the full citations in the bibliography, in-text citations contain only the bare essentials and spare the details. The question is what to include in in-text citations; MLA and APA each have different criteria.

In MLA, in-text citations contain the author’s surname and the relevant page number , although the page number can be excluded if the information is broad. No commas or abbreviations for page are needed.

The Greek myth of Sisyphus provides the perfect analogy for humankind’s struggle of living with the absurdity of life (Camus 78) .

In APA, in-text citations contain the last name of the author, the year of publication, and the page number. Unlike in MLA, in APA the different pieces of information in parenthetical citations are separated by commas. Abbreviations are also used: p. for page and pp. for pages .

The researchers suggested that extroverts were less affected because they “have a strong sense of control over time,” so temporarily losing control didn’t matter much (Sobol et al., 2021, p. 455) .

Like in MLA, the page number can be omitted in APA if the information is broad; however, it must be included if you’re reciting a direct quote.

For both MLA and APA, you can replace the page number with another kind of location marker. If you’re citing a source that’s not a book, such as a documentary film or poem, you can use a different location marker, such as a timestamp or line number, instead of the page number.

To expedite the entire citation process, you can also use our free citation generator for both in-text and full citations. Simply upload all the source information, and our widget will create a perfect citation that you can just copy and paste into your paper.

MLA vs. APA: Bibliography

One of the biggest distinctions between MLA and APA is the bibliography page, where you list the full citations of all the sources used in the paper. MLA calls this page the works cited page , while APA refers to it as the reference page .

The rules for how to write a full citation are different based on both the format and the type of source. For example, the same source would be cited differently in MLA than in APA: The year of publication would be in a different place, and the author’s name would be written differently.

But even within the same format, different types of sources, like books and journal articles, have different formats for full citations. We have guides for how to cite each type of source in MLA, APA, and Chicago that you can check for quick reference—you can find a master list with all the links in the main guides for APA and MLA .

Just to give you an idea of how full citations are supposed to look in each format, below we’ve included APA and MLA examples for the book Thinking, Fast and Slow , which fits appropriately in both psychology and philosophy.

MLA format:

Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow . Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.

APA format:

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow . Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Notice the difference in how the author’s name is written. Both formats invert names, but MLA spells out the first name, while APA abbreviates it. Another big contrast is where the year of publication goes; MLA tacks it onto the end, whereas APA puts it at the beginning, after the author’s name, in parentheses. Last, the title of the book follows title capitalization in MLA, but it’s written in sentence capitalization in APA.

When formatting the bibliography page itself, both formats’ structures are actually pretty similar. Both MLA and APA follow these rules for their bibliographies:

• Entries are listed in alphabetical order by the last name of the author.
• The title is centered at the top of the page (for MLA the title is Works Cited ; for APA the title is References ).
• Entries all use a hanging indent: The first line is not indented, but all subsequent lines are indented by half an inch.
• The entire page is double-spaced.

However, don’t let the similarities fool you. There are plenty of tiny details in the citations themselves that can trip you up. Double-check with our guides to make sure you’re using the correct formula for your source in the format you’re following.

Here’s a tip: Grammarly’s  Citation Generator  ensures your essays have flawless citations and no plagiarism. Try it for tricky MLA and APA citations like images , movies , and YouTube videos .

MLA vs. APA: Style and paper format

Aside from citations, MLA and APA each have slightly different rules for grammar and paper formatting. Although subtle, these differences can be hard to keep track of, especially if you’re used to one style and must switch to another. So below, we cover the major differences between MLA and APA, all in one place for quick reference.

MLA vs. APA: Style

For starters, both MLA and APA suggest taking a formal tone for academic writing. Both advise against using contractions and casual language, like slang or colloquialisms . Other similarities include applying the title case for your paper’s headings and using the Oxford comma (the serial comma).

One big difference, though, is how each format handles numbers. APA has a fairly straightforward approach to numbers: Spell out zero through nine and use numerals for 10 and above.

MLA, however, has a more complicated system: Spell out numbers that can be written as one or two words but use numerals for all the others. So, in MLA, you would spell out one million but use numerals for 101 .

There are small exceptions to these rules in each format (which we explain in the main APA and MLA guides), such as using numerals with measurements or items in a series. One thing both formats agree on is to spell out numbers if they begin a sentence.

MLA vs. APA: Title page and paper format

APA format requires a title page with particular formatting, while in MLA the title page is optional.

An APA title page (for student papers) includes your school, the course number, instructor name, and assignment due date. In MLA this information is included in the heading of the first page, written flush left before the main text begins.

Another area of contrast between MLA and APA are footnotes and endnotes . While both styles prefer parenthetical in-text citations over footnotes and endnotes, each style has its own criteria for when to use notes. APA uses footnotes only for commentary and copyright attribution, whereas MLA allows them for citing multiple sources at once, noting editions or translations, or explaining unusual documentation practices, like the use of alternative line numbers when citing a poem.

Additionally, both APA and MLA have slightly different criteria for when to use block quotes. MLA requires a quotation to be set apart in block quotes if it is longer than four lines of text, whereas APA requires it for passages of forty words or more.

The actual format of the block quote is the same for MLA and APA: Indent the entire passage an additional half an inch, with no extra indentation for the first line. For any additional paragraphs beyond the first, indent the first line an additional half an inch.

But there are plenty of formatting similarities in the styles as well. Both MLA and APA use running heads, with the page number at the top of each page. Both formats prefer 8½-by-11-inch paper with 1-inch margins on all sides (disregarding the running head). Both recommend simple fonts like 10-to-12-point Times New Roman and Arial.

MLA and APA take practice

The differences between MLA and APA may seem daunting at first, especially when you’re unfamiliar with one or the other. However, once you get used to the rules, you’ll be able to apply them without thinking.

After all, the majority of your writing won’t fall into the problematic areas listed above—those are mostly special instances that occur only a handful of times in a paper. The real focus of your writing should be your content, regardless of whether you use MLA or APA.

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Which subjects use which style?

Always confirm with your instructor which citation style they prefer for their class. Not every course at SCC uses the same citation style.

In-Text Citations

While both MLA and APA requires in-text citations, the format for those citations will look very different.

Source Pages (Works Cited and References)

One major difference between MLA and APA format is how they label and format their source pages. While there are many small differences in MLA and APA formatting (such as the way page numbers are formatted), the below chart will show some of the major, recognizable differences.

Title Pages

If you are writing a paper in APA format, please confirm with your instructor as to whether they require a title page or not for your essay.

• Differences between MLA and APA Format This handout will explain some of the major differences between MLA and APA format.
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• Research Paper Format | APA, MLA, & Chicago Templates

Research Paper Format | APA, MLA, & Chicago Templates

Published on November 19, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 20, 2023.

The formatting of a research paper is different depending on which style guide you’re following. In addition to citations , APA, MLA, and Chicago provide format guidelines for things like font choices, page layout, format of headings and the format of the reference page.

Scribbr offers free Microsoft Word templates for the most common formats. Simply download and get started on your paper.

APA |  MLA | Chicago author-date | Chicago notes & bibliography

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Table of contents

Formatting an apa paper, formatting an mla paper, formatting a chicago paper, frequently asked questions about research paper formatting.

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in APA Style are as follows:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman or 11 pt Arial.
• Set 1 inch page margins.
• Apply double line spacing.
• If submitting for publication, insert a APA running head on every page.
• Indent every new paragraph ½ inch.

Watch the video below for a quick guide to setting up the format in Google Docs.

The image below shows how to format an APA Style title page for a student paper.

Running head

If you are submitting a paper for publication, APA requires you to include a running head on each page. The image below shows you how this should be formatted.

For student papers, no running head is required unless you have been instructed to include one.

APA provides guidelines for formatting up to five levels of heading within your paper. Level 1 headings are the most general, level 5 the most specific.

Reference page

APA Style citation requires (author-date) APA in-text citations throughout the text and an APA Style reference page at the end. The image below shows how the reference page should be formatted.

Note that the format of reference entries is different depending on the source type. You can easily create your citations and reference list using the free APA Citation Generator.

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Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

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The main guidelines for writing an MLA style paper are as follows:

• Use an easily readable font like 12 pt Times New Roman.
• Use title case capitalization for headings .

Check out the video below to see how to set up the format in Google Docs.

On the first page of an MLA paper, a heading appears above your title, featuring some key information:

• Your full name
• Your instructor’s or supervisor’s name
• The course name or number
• The due date of the assignment

Page header

A header appears at the top of each page in your paper, including your surname and the page number.

Works Cited page

MLA in-text citations appear wherever you refer to a source in your text. The MLA Works Cited page appears at the end of your text, listing all the sources used. It is formatted as shown below.

You can easily create your MLA citations and save your Works Cited list with the free MLA Citation Generator.

Generate MLA citations for free

The main guidelines for writing a paper in Chicago style (also known as Turabian style) are:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman.
• Use 1 inch margins or larger.
• Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.

Chicago doesn’t require a title page , but if you want to include one, Turabian (based on Chicago) presents some guidelines. Lay out the title page as shown below.

Bibliography or reference list

Chicago offers two citation styles : author-date citations plus a reference list, or footnote citations plus a bibliography. Choose one style or the other and use it consistently.

The reference list or bibliography appears at the end of the paper. Both styles present this page similarly in terms of formatting, as shown below.

To format a paper in APA Style , follow these guidelines:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman or 11 pt Arial
• Set 1 inch page margins
• Apply double line spacing
• Include a title page
• If submitting for publication, insert a running head on every page
• Indent every new paragraph ½ inch
• Apply APA heading styles
• Cite your sources with APA in-text citations
• List all sources cited on a reference page at the end

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style are as follows:

• Use an easily readable font like 12 pt Times New Roman
• Include a four-line MLA heading on the first page
• Center the paper’s title
• Use title case capitalization for headings
• Cite your sources with MLA in-text citations
• List all sources cited on a Works Cited page at the end

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in Chicago style are to:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman
• Use 1 inch margins or larger
• Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center
• Cite your sources with author-date citations or Chicago footnotes
• Include a bibliography or reference list

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, January 20). Research Paper Format | APA, MLA, & Chicago Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved September 23, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/research-paper-format/

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When we talk about style at EasyBib.com, we’re not talking about the clothes, shoes, or accessories we’re rocking. We’re talking about the best type of style there is — citation styles!

Even though there are thousands of citation styles in existence (yes, thousands!), the world generally revolves around the two most commonly used citation styles: MLA and APA . Both have been around for quite a long time and most students and researchers use one or the other to cite their sources. Even though MLA and APA are popular citation styles that are taught in thousands of schools each year, there are always tons of questions about the differences between the two. That’s why we’ve put together a handy visual infographic showing the main differences between MLA and APA.

If you’ve been wondering what MLA and APA stands for, which disciplines use the styles, how the names of authors and titles are displayed, or how to format MLA in-text citations or APA citations , look no further! Our colorful infographic has the main differences highlighted just for you. It’s easy to read, easy to understand, and will give you the lowdown on the main points you need to know about MLA vs. APA. If that wasn’t enough, we even have examples thrown in to help you make sense of everything. #winning!

After you’ve read through our infographic, head to our homepage, and give our citation generator and grammar checker a whirl. Both are innovative, easy-to-use tools to help rock any and all research projects and written assignments. Head on over and try them out now!

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What is the difference between APA and MLA format?

APA and MLA are two of the most common citation styles. But, what’s the difference between APA and MLA format? In this post, we discuss the differences between APA and MLA. We cover when to use these styles and provide examples of correct APA and MLA citations.

What is APA?

APA style is a citation style that is most commonly used in the social sciences, but also in education, business, and some science fields. APA stands for  American Psychological Association .

Essentially, APA style is a set of rules for formatting citations, title pages , headers, and other aspects of research papers.

What is MLA?

MLA style is the primary citation style for humanities fields like literature. It was developed by the  Modern Language Association of America, an association of scholars and teachers of language and literature.

Like APA, MLA style includes rules for how to format citations and how to structure research papers.

What are the differences between APA and MLA?

Both APA and MLA style require two distinct types of citations:

• in-text citations
• full bibliographic references in a section at the end of the paper

APA and MLA citations also have similar components:

• Book citations contain the author’s name, the title of the book, the publisher, and the publication date.
• Journal article citations contain the author’s name, the title of the work, and the date, but also include the title of the journal, the volume and issue number of the journal, and the page range. Citations for online journal articles also include a DOI.
• Website citations feature the author’s name (if one is available), the title of the website, the date that is was published or accessed, and the URL.

The main differences between APA and MLA are in how they format and structure these elements.

In-text citations

APA and MLA style both utilize parenthetical citations for in-text citations. However, there are key differences between the two:

• ALA parenthetical citations include the author’s last name and the year of publication (Smith, 2020). When a specific page number is cited, the citation also includes p. and the number (Smith, 2020, p. 4).
• MLA parenthetical citations mainly include the author’s last name and a page number, without a comma between the elements (Smith 25).

Papers in APA style may also utilize narrative citations. Here are a few examples of APA narrative citations:

Rode (2012) claims that productive activities have been part of human civilization since ancient times.

In some cases, author and date might both appear in the narrative. In this case, no parentheses are needed:

In 2012, Rode wrote about the productive activities...

If you cite multiple works parenthetically, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons:

(Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017)

If multiple sources are cited within a sentence, they can appear in any order:

Suliman (2018), Gutiérrez (2012, 2017), and Medina and Reyes (2019) examined...

Bibliographic references

MLA prefers the label “Works Cited” for the bibliography at the end of the paper. This list includes full bibliographic references for all of the cited texts. APA calls this list “References,” and includes both works that were cited and those that were consulted. Both styles alphabetize entries by the first author’s last name.

Additionally, APA and MLA bibliographies differ in how they structure individual entries. The primary differences occur in:

• Author name : While both styles invert the regular order of names (i.e. put the last name first), APA abbreviates the author’s first name and only uses the first letter, followed by a period (Smith, J.). MLA uses both the last name and first name of an author (Smith, Jane).
• Date placement : APA requires the publication date to be in parentheses, following the author’s name: Smith, J. (2020). In MLA, the publication date goes at the very end for books, or after the volume and issue numbers for journals.
• Capitalization : In APA style, you only need to capitalize the first word of a title, the first word following a colon, and any proper nouns. MLA requires you to capitalize all of the words in a title, except for articles.
• Volume and issue numbers for journal articles : Both APA and MLA place the volume and issue numbers of journals after the journal title; however, they format this information differently. APA italicizes the volume number and places it directly against the issue number, which is put in parentheses: 6 (3). MLA style uses the abbreviations, vol. (volume) and no. (number), and places a comma between them: Journal of Pedagogy , vol. 6, no. 3.

APA examples and resources

Here are some examples of full bibliographic citations in APA style:

Atske, S. (2021, April 7).  Social media use in 2021 . Pewresearch.Org. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/social-media-use-in-2021/

Eskritt, M., Fraser, B., & Bosacki, S. (2021). Did you just lie to me? Deception detection in face to face versus computer mediated communication.  The Journal of Social Psychology , 1–14.

Fuchs, C. (2021).  Social Media: A Critical Introduction  (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Visit these resources to learn more about APA citations and formatting:

APA citation guide (7th edition)

The ultimate guide to citing in APA

Citation styles by discipline

Comprehensive APA guides

APA title page: format and templates

MLA examples and resources

Here are some examples of full bibliographic citations in MLA style:

Works Cited

Edwards, Michael. “The Lost Library of Anne Conway.”  The Seventeenth Century , vol. 36, no. 1, 2021, pp. 119–147.

Farr, Jason S.  Novel Bodies: Disability and Sexuality in Eighteenth-Century British Literature . Rutgers University Press, 2019.

Wall, Wendy. “The Pulter Project.”  Northwestern.Edu , https://pulterproject.northwestern.edu/. Accessed 18 Aug. 2021.

Visit these resources to learn more about MLA citations and formatting:

MLA citation guide (9th edition)

The ultimate guide to citing in MLA

Comprehensive MLA guides

MLA title page: format and templates

Frequently Asked Questions about what is the difference between APA and MLA format

The main differences between APA and MLA format are found in the bibliography. APA style uses a reference list that includes any works cited or consulted; MLA uses a works cited list that only contains texts that were cited in the paper. Also, there are differences in how each style handles key pieces of bibliographic information like titles and names.

If you need to create citations for an assignment, you can ask your instructor which style to use. APA is most commonly used in the social sciences, while MLA is preferred in humanities disciplines.

APA style is used to create in-text citations and bibliographic references for the social sciences and other disciplines.

MLA style is used to create in-text citations and works cited entries for some humanities fields.

Both APA and MLA aim to provide guidance on how to create accurate citations and bibliographies. Using these styles correctly lends credibility to your research and helps you to avoid plagiarism .

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In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

Why learn APA Style if you already know MLA style?

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Have you ever wondered, why can’t there be one writing style for everything? It’s a good question. We often hear this version: “Why learn APA Style if I already know MLA style?”

The short answer is that writing styles were developed within specific domains. MLA style, which comes from the Modern Language Association, is used in the humanities in subjects such as English and other modern languages. APA Style, which comes from the American Psychological Association, is used in the behavioral sciences in subjects such as psychology, education, and nursing, and even in subjects like business and engineering.

Scholars and students in these fields have different needs that are reflected in their writing styles. This post explores key similarities and differences between APA Style and MLA style and provides resources for writers learning APA Style.

Writing styles: More the same than different

APA Style and MLA style share a lot in common with not only each other but also other writing styles such as Chicago style and American Medical Association (AMA) style. Indeed, most writing styles address areas such as these:

• how to format your paper so it looks professional and is easy to read
• what information to include in your paper so that readers understand your work and can evaluate its credibility
• what language to use to describe other people with dignity and respect
• how to present information contained in other sources through quotations and paraphrases
• how to credit those sources through in-text citations and references to avoid plagiarism
• how to attend to the smaller details, such as how to spell and capitalize words; use punctuation , italics and quotation marks , and abbreviations ; and present numbers and statistics so that readers are not distracted by inconsistencies within a paper and among different papers in the field

Thus, once you have learned one writing style, learning another writing style is relatively straightforward. Although the exact details may differ, the overarching considerations are similar. This makes it easier to mentally organize your understanding of what it means to follow a writing style.

But why APA Style?

Simply put, APA Style is designed for writing and understanding scientific literature about people. Here are some of the ways the needs of the behavioral science community of scholars show in the style:

Journal article reporting standards

APA Style provides specific directions on what information to include in certain kinds of papers. Specifically, if you are conducting and reporting the results of experiments, you should follow APA’s journal article reporting standards, or APA Style JARS . JARS ensure that all researchers consistently report the same kinds of information, which allows readers to evaluate the work as well as to make comparisons between works, such as in a meta-analysis.

If you are a student writing a simpler APA Style paper, for example, a reaction or response paper, annotated bibliography, or literature review, we recommend first focusing on fulfilling the assignment requirements set by your instructor.

To learn how JARS can be relevant to you, check out this blog post about APA Style JARS for high school students .

Bias-free and inclusive language

APA provides detailed, science-backed guidelines on how to describe people with dignity and respect in the form of the bias-free language guidelines and the Inclusive Language Guide (2nd ed.) . The guidelines cover topics including age , disability , gender , race and ethnicity , sexual orientation , and socioeconomic status .

If you’re new to this topic, start with the Brief Guide to Bias-Free and Inclusive Language (PDF, 316KB) .

Emphasis on paraphrasing rather than quotation

When writing in APA Style, paraphrase rather than quote in most cases. Whereas in literature it is often important to respond to the exact wording an author used, in science you should primarily respond to the ideas, which means restating them in your own words.

For help on learning to paraphrase, including how to cite a long paraphrase, check out our page on paraphrasing .

Page numbers not in every in-text citation

In-text citations of paraphrased material in APA Style consist of the author and year, whereas in MLA style they consist of the author and page number. Page numbers (or other location information for works without page numbers ) are required in APA Style citations only for direct quotations.

If you are paraphrasing in APA Style, it is optional to include a page number (although read your assignment guidelines, because your instructor may request page numbers regardless).

In-text citations include the year

APA Style in-text citations include the year, whereas MLA citations do not. Each style suits its discipline. Whereas literature is evergreen, science progresses. Older science may be out of date and thus not of use to readers, so having a year in the citation allows readers to quickly understand how old the source is.

Although APA Style does not have formal requirements for how old (or rather, young) your sources have to be, instructors may require you use only sources published within the last 5–10 years or similar, so check your assignment guidelines carefully. And regardless of any requirements, try to use the most current information possible because this is best for advancing the scholarship in your field.

References contain similar information, presented differently

References in APA and MLA styles usually include information about the author, date, title, and source of a work , which allows readers to identify and locate the work. However, the information is presented in a different order and with different capitalization and punctuation depending on the style.

For a step-by-step guide to the different formats for common sources such as journal articles, books, edited book chapters, and webpages, check out the APA Style and MLA Style Reference Comparison Guide (PDF, 104KB) .

How to learn more about APA Style

If you’re at the beginning of your APA Style journey, fear not. This website has a wealth of free and authoritative resources designed to help you. We recommend that you check out our APA Style for Beginners landing page , which curates resources appropriate for an audience new to APA Style.

We are also happy to hear your feedback, so if you have ideas or suggestions on this topic, please leave a comment below.

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APA Style Guidelines

Browse APA Style writing guidelines by category

• Abbreviations
• Bias-Free Language
• Capitalization
• In-Text Citations
• Italics and Quotation Marks
• Punctuation
• Research and Publication
• Spelling and Hyphenation
• Tables and Figures

Full index of topics

APA vs. MLA: What is the Main Difference?

When writing a research paper or academic essay, citing sources is a crucial part of the writing process. Two of the most commonly used citation styles are APA and MLA. While both styles serve the same purpose, they have some key differences in format and citation that writers should be aware of.

The Main Difference Between APA and MLA

APA vs. MLA: Key Takeaways

• APA (American Psychological Association)  style is primarily used in the social sciences, education, and psychology fields.
• MLA (Modern Language Association)  style is predominantly used in the humanities, including literature, languages, and cultural studies.

APA vs. MLA: The Definition

What does apa mean.

APA stands for American Psychological Association, APA is a citation style that is commonly used in the social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and education. The APA style uses parenthetical in-text citations and a reference list at the end of the paper. In-text citations include the author’s last name and the year of publication, while the reference list includes detailed information about the sources cited.

What Does MLA Mean?

MLA stands for Modern Language Association, MLA is a citation style that is commonly used in the humanities, such as literature, languages, and cultural studies. The MLA style uses in-text citations that include the author’s last name and the page number(s) where the information was found. The Works Cited page at the end of the paper provides detailed information about the sources cited.

APA vs. MLA: Usage

One of the key differences between APA and MLA is their citation format . For example, in APA, the author’s last name and year of publication are included in the in-text citation, while in MLA, the author’s last name and page number(s) are included. Here are some examples:

APA : According to Smith (2019), “the results of the study showed that…” (p. 23).

MLA : According to Smith, “the results of the study showed that…” (23).

Another difference is the way that the reference page is formatted. In APA, the reference list is organized alphabetically by the author’s last name, while in MLA, the Works Cited page is organized alphabetically by the author’s last name and is double-spaced. Here are some examples:

APA : Smith, J. (2019). Title of the article. Journal Name, volume number(issue number), page range.

MLA : Smith, John. “Title of the Article.” Journal Name, vol. 1, no. 1, 2019, pp. 23-45.

Let’s take a quick look at the table below to see the differences between the two:

Tips to Remember the Differences

To avoid confusion and ensure that you are using the correct citation style, here are some tips to remember:

• Keep in mind the fields in which each style is typically used: APA for social sciences, and MLA for humanities.
• Focus on the difference in in-text citations: APA includes the author, date, and page; MLA includes just the author and page.
• Note the different names for the source list: “Reference List” for APA and “Works Cited” for MLA.
• Familiarize yourself with the specific guidelines for each citation style, including in-text citation format, reference page layout, and formatting requirements.
• Use reliable sources, such as style guides or online resources, to help you properly cite your sources.

APA vs. MLA: Examples

Example sentences using apa.

When using APA style, in-text citations should include the author’s last name and the year of publication, separated by a comma. For example, “According to Smith (2020),…” or “(Smith, 2020).” If there are multiple authors, include all of their last names separated by commas in the first citation and use “et al.” for subsequent citations. For example, “Johnson, Smith, and Lee (2018) found that…” or “(Johnson et al., 2018).”

The reference list in APA style should include the author’s last name and initials, the year of publication, the title of the article or book, the name of the journal or publisher, and the page numbers. For example:

Smith, J. (2020). The effects of climate change on wildlife. Journal of Environmental Science, 10(2), 45-56.

Example Sentences Using MLA

When using MLA style, in-text citations should include the author’s last name and the page number, separated by a space. For example, “According to Smith (45)…” or “(Smith 45).” If there are multiple authors, include all of their last names in the first citation and use “et al.” for subsequent citations. For example, “Johnson, Smith, and Lee found that…” or “(Johnson et al. 45).”

The works cited list in MLA style should include the author’s last name and first name, the title of the article or book, the title of the journal or publisher, the year of publication, and the page numbers. For example:

Smith, John. “The Effects of Climate Change on Wildlife.” Journal of Environmental Science, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, pp. 45-56.

Related Confused Words

APA and MLA are two of the most commonly used citation styles, but they can be confusing to differentiate. Here are some related words that are often confused with APA or MLA and their correct usage:

Bibliography vs. References vs. Works Cited

In MLA style, the list of sources at the end of the paper is called “Works Cited.” In APA style, it’s called “References.” While in Chicago style, it’s called “Bibliography.” It’s important to use the correct term for the citation style you are using.

Footnotes vs. In-Text Citations

Both APA and MLA use in-text citations to cite sources within the text. However, Chicago style uses footnotes or endnotes instead. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page and endnotes appear at the end of the paper.

DOI vs. URL

In APA style, if a source has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), it should be included in the reference list. In contrast, in MLA style, URLs should be included for online sources. It’s important to follow the correct format for the citation style you are using.

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Education Blog

Apa vs. mla understanding citation styles for academic writing.

In the world of academic writing, mastering the art of citation is not just a requirement; it’s a skill that underscores the credibility and integrity of your work. Whether you’re penning a research paper, thesis, or any scholarly article, knowing when and how to use APA (American Psychological Association) or MLA (Modern Language Association) format is crucial. An essay writing service can help ensure that your work adheres to these essential standard

But why is proper citation so important? It not only gives credit where it’s due but also allows readers to trace the genesis of ideas, fostering a transparent and interconnected academic dialogue.

APA vs. MLA: A Comparative Overview

• Origin and Application

APA and MLA stand as the two colossi in the field of academic citation, each with distinct origins and applications. APA, predominantly used in the social sciences, emphasizes the date of publication, reflecting the importance of recent research in these fields. MLA, on the other hand, is favored in the humanities, particularly for its more flexible approach to authorship and source integration.

• General Formatting Guidelines

Before diving into specifics, understanding the general layout each style adheres to can illuminate the broader differences. APA champions a more structured format, with precise headings and subheadings, while MLA offers a bit more freedom, focusing on the fluid integration of sources into the text.

Understanding APA Format

• In-text Citation

APA format requires the author’s last name and the year of publication within the text, catering to the style’s emphasis on the timeliness of research.

• Reference List

The reference list is a staple of APA, offering a comprehensive overview of every source cited in the paper. This list not only includes books and journal articles but extends to audiovisual and electronic sources, reflecting the modern landscape of research.

Navigating MLA Format

MLA’s in-text citation style is more reader-friendly, often incorporating the author’s name into the narrative of the paper, which can enhance the flow of arguments.

• Works Cited Page

Unlike APA’s reference list, MLA uses a works cited page, emphasizing the work over the publication date. This approach caters to the humanities’ focus on the evolution of ideas over time.

Key Differences Between APA and MLA

• Citation in Text

The most noticeable difference lies in how each style approaches in-text citations. APA’s author-date format contrasts sharply with MLA’s author-page method, reflecting their differing emphases on timeliness and narrative flow, respectively.

• Reference List vs. Works Cited

The terminology and structure of the final list of sources also differ, with APA focusing on a comprehensive reference list and MLA on a more selective works cited page.

When to Use APA and MLA

• Subject Matter Consideration

Choosing between APA and MLA often comes down to the subject matter of your paper. Social sciences, education, and psychology lean towards APA, while literature, arts, and humanities prefer MLA.

• Journal or Publisher Requirements

Always consider the requirements of the journal or publisher. Some are strict about citation styles, so knowing the expected format is essential.

Practical Tips for Effective Citation

• Use Software

Modern citation and reference management software can automate much of the formatting process, allowing scholars to focus more on content than citation styles.

• Stay Updated on Style Guidelines

Both APA and MLA periodically update their guidelines. Staying abreast of these changes ensures your citations remain current and accurate.

• Keep a Detailed Research Log

As you gather sources, maintain a detailed log that includes all necessary citation information. This practice saves time and ensures accuracy when you’re ready to cite. Include notes on key points from each source to help integrate quotes and ideas seamlessly into your writing.

• Understand the Purpose of Each Citation

Each citation style serves a different academic purpose. APA’s focus on dates highlights the timeliness of research, while MLA’s emphasis on page numbers facilitates reader engagement with primary sources. Recognizing this can help you choose the most effective way to incorporate and highlight your research.

• Consistency is Key

Ensure that every citation follows the same format throughout your document. Inconsistencies can distract readers and undermine your work’s professionalism. Pay special attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.

• Use Direct Quotes Sparingly

While direct quotes can strengthen your argument, relying too heavily on them can disrupt the flow of your paper. Summarize or paraphrase where appropriate, and use direct quotes to highlight particularly impactful or unique phrases. Remember to always cite the original source, even when paraphrasing.

• Cross-Check Your Citations

Before submitting your work, double-check your citations against the latest version of the citation style guide. Small errors, such as misplaced commas or incorrect publication years, can compromise your paper’s credibility.

• Cite as You Write

Instead of leaving citations as the last step, cite sources as you incorporate them into your paper. This approach prevents accidental plagiarism and ensures you don’t overlook any sources.

• Seek Feedback

Have peers, mentors, or writing centers review your citations. Fresh eyes can catch mistakes you might have overlooked and provide suggestions for improvement.

The choice between APA and MLA formatting styles is not merely a matter of preference but a strategic decision that reflects the nature of your work, its audience, and the norms of your academic discipline. By understanding the key differences and applications of each style, you can navigate the complex landscape of academic writing with greater ease and precision.

The Writing Place

Resources – mla vs. apa, introduction to the topic.

As students at Northwestern University, most of us are familiar with the necessity of, and perhaps the basic rules for, citing the sources we reference while writing papers or assignments. Depending on our areas of study, however, we are often most familiar with the requirements of just one style guide when it comes to citations. It can thus be challenging when a professor requests citations according to guidelines with which we are not familiar. This brief citation guide will focus on the rules of two styles most commonly used at Northwestern—those of the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA). Though the basic formats for each of these styles are not exactly the same, many students might be surprised to see that some similarities actually do exist between the two!

MLA vs. APA: Some Key Differences

In-text citations.

MLA Basic Format:

• In-text citations that refer readers to a list of works cited at the end of the paper
• If the author is named in a signal phrase within the sentence, the page number should be provided in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence (in parentheses, before the period).
• If the author is not named in the sentence, then the last name of the author should appear in the parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence, with the page number (there should be no punctuation between the name and the page number). Example: (Rodosky 5).

APA Basic Format:

• In-text citations, which provide at least the author’s name and year of publication (the page number should also be given for direct quotations, and some summaries/paraphrases) and refer readers to a list of references at the end of the paper
• A quotation should be introduced by a signal phrase including the author’s name, which should be immediately followed by the year of publication in parentheses; the page number should be included in parentheses after the quotation, preceded by “p.” or “pp.”
• If the author’s name is not included in a signal phrase, then the author’s name, year of publication, and page number should be listed in a parenthetical citation after the quotation.
• For a summary or paraphrase, use the same format as for a quotation (listed above); the page number should still be included to help readers find the passage

Table of Similarities and Differences

Comparison of Rules:

* Purple sections indicate rules that are the same for both styles.

Citations Lists: An MLA Works Cited vs. an APA List of References

Mla works cited.

Basic Formats:

Book Author last name, first name.  Title . City of publication: Publisher, Date. Medium.

Example:  Sacks, Oliver.  Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain . New York: Knopf, 2007. Print.

Article Author last name, first name. “Article title.”  Journal title  volume/issue (year): page(s). Medium

Example:  Shen, Min. “ ‘Quite a Moon!’ The Archetypal Feminine in  Our Town .”  American Drama  16.2 (2007): 1-14. Print.

Website Author last name, first name/organization name.  Title of website . Sponsor of site, year updated. Medium. Date of access (day month year).

Example:  American Library Association.  American Library Association . ALA, 2008. Web. 14 Jan. 2009.

* If there is no author, start with the title of the website; if there is no title, use the “home page” or similar description in place of title.

Helpful Hints:

• always include the medium in which the work was published
• shorten publishers’ names to their first principle word; abbreviate “University” and “Press” to “UP”
• use the date on the title page or the most recent date on the copyright page

APA References

Book Author last name, initial(s). (year).  Title . Place of publication: Publisher.

Example : Egeland, J. (2008).  A billion lives: An eyewitness report from the frontlines of humanity . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Article Author last name, initial(s). (year). Title (article).  Journal title, volume , pages. DOI

Example : Holtug, N. (2010). Immigration and the politics of social cohesion.  Ethnicities, 10 , 435-451. doi:10.1177/1468796810378320

Document from a Website Author(s’) last name, initial(s)/organization name. (online publication date).  Document title . Retrieved from URL.

Example : Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April).  Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving . Retrieved from http://www.cutr.usf.edu/pdf/mobile_phone_text.PDF

*If referring to specific section in a web document, list the title of the section between the year and the title of web document.

• all author’s names should be inverted, with initials used for their first and middle names
• the date of publication should appear immediately after the author’s name (or title if author is unknown)

Comparison of Rules

Purple sections indicate rules that are the same for both styles.

Practice Exercises: Converting and Correcting Citation Styles

Practice exercise 1.

Exercise 1: Are the following examples of citations correctly formatted? If not, correct them.

(A.) MLA Works Cited

1.) Harris, Shon, Allen Harper, Chris Eagle, and Jonathan Ness.  Gray Hat Hacking . 2nd ed. New York: McGraw, 2007. Print

2.) von Drehle, David.  Time . “The Ghosts of Memphis.” 7 Apr. 2008: 34-37. Print.

3.) Plath, Sylvia. “The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath.” Ed. Karen V. Kukil. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 2000. Print.

4.) Peterson, Susan Lynn.  The Life of Martin Luther . Susan Lynn Peterson, 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009.

(B.) APA References

1.) Svoboda, Elizabeth. (2008, October 21). Deep in the Rain Forest, Stalking the Next Pandemic.  The New York Times , p. D5.

2.) Musich, M. A., & Wilson, J. (2007).  Volunteers: A social profile . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

3.) McKenzie, F. R.  Theory and practice with adolescents: An applied approach . Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books, 2008.

4.) Eskritt, M., & Mcleod, K. (2008). Children’s note taking as a mnemonic tool.  Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 101 , 52-74. doi:10.1016/jecp.2008.05.007

Answer Key for Exercise 1

Exercise 1: (A.) MLA Works Cited

1.) Correct

2.) Incorrect [von Drehle, David. “The Ghosts of Memphis.”  Time  7 Apr. 2008: 34-37. Print.]

3.) Incorrect [Plath, Sylvia.  The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath . Ed. Karen V. Kukil. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 2000. Print]

4.) Correct

Exercise 1: (B.) APA References

1.) Incorrect [Svoboda, E. (2008, October 21). Deep in the rain forest, stalking the next pandemic.  The New York Times , p. D5.]

2.) Correct

3.) Incorrect [McKenzie, F. R. (2008).  Theory and practice with adolescents: An applied approach . Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books.

Practice Exercise 2

Exercise 2: Convert the following citations from MLA format to APA format.

1.) Sacks, Oliver.  Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain . New York: Knopf, 2007. Print.

2.) Shen, Min. “ ‘Quite a Moon!’ The Archetypal Feminine in  Our Town .”  American Drama  16.2 (2007): 1-14. Print.

3.) American Library Association.  American Library Association . ALA, 2008. Web. 14 Jan. 2009.

Answer Key for Exercise 2

1.) Sacks, O. (2007).  Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain . New York, NY: Knopf.

2.) Shen, M. (2007). “ ‘Quite a Moon!’ The Archetypal Feminine in  Our Town .”  American Drama   16,  2: 1-14.

3.) American Library Association. (2008).  American Library Association . Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/

Practice Exercise 3

Exercise 3: Convert the following citations from APA format to MLA format.

1.) Egeland, J. (2008).  A billion lives: An eyewitness report from the frontlines of humanity . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

2.) Holtug, N. (2010). Immigration and the politics of social cohesion.  Ethnicities, 10 , 435-451. doi:10.1177/1468796810378320

3.) Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April).  Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving . Retrieved from http://www.cutr.usf.edu/pdf/mobile_phone_text.PDF

Answer Key for Exercise 3

1.) Egeland, Jan.  A Billion Lives: An Eyewitness Report From the Frontlines of Humanity . New York: Simon Schuster, 2008. Print.

2.) Holtug, Nils. “Immigration and the Politics of Social Cohesion.”  Ethnicities  10 (2010): 435-451. Print.

3.) Cain, Alasdair and Mark Burris. “Investigation of the Use of Mobile Phones While Driving.”  Center for Urban Transportation Research .   Center for Urban Transportation Research, 1999. Web 14 Jan. 2009.

Developed by Lauren Rodosky

Rules and examples adapted from:

Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers, A Pocket Style Manual: Sixth Edition  (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012).

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Examples: Edited Papers

Need editing and proofreading services, research paper format: apa, mla, & chicago style.

• Tags: APA , APA Style , Formatting Guidelines

In academia, research papers help us share key findings and valuable knowledge with everyone. Whether you’re in high school, college, or university, you must know how to format a research paper so you can submit a well-organized document.

The three standard formats of research papers widely used in academia are MLA, APA, and the Chicago research paper format. We’ll discuss all three paper formats in detail with actionable tips and guidelines to help you avoid rookie formatting mistakes.

We’ve also added several examples of research paper formats so you can easily learn the proper way to structure and format your research paper. Given below are the three types of research paper formats widely used in academia:

1.  APA format

The American Psychological Association (APA) format is a research paper format popular among scholars, especially in sciences and social sciences. This style emphasizes clarity and conciseness, making it an excellent format for presenting complex scientific ideas in a digestible manner.

Just so we cover all bases, we’ve included plenty of research paper format examples. Take a look!

General guidelines

The  APA paper format follows a set of simple yet strict guidelines to ensure uniformity across different works. Here are some tips on how to format a paper in APA style:

• Double-space all your text.
• Maintain one-inch margins on all sides of the paper.
• Use a font style that is easy to read (typically 12-point Times New Roman).
• Include an APA header on all pages of your paper.
• Make sure each new paragraph is indented by 0.5 inches.

Take a look at this research paper format example outlining the various APA formatting guidelines:

One of the key features of the APA format is its title page. The APA title page serves as the face of your research paper layout, providing essential information about your work. Keep the following in mind:

• Write a title that’s a crisp summary of the paper’s content.
• Mention the author’s name without any titles or degrees.
• Mention the institutional affiliation (the place where the research was conducted).
• Add a header at the top of the page.

Reference page

The reference page is a critical part of the layout of a research paper in the APA style. This page lists all the sources you’ve referenced in your paper. It’s essential for avoiding plagiarism and providing your readers with the opportunity to explore your sources further.

Follow the tips mentioned below when formatting your reference page in APA style:

• Add a “References” label at the top and align it centrally.
• Organize your entries alphabetically based on the last names of the authors.
• Ensure that every entry is double-spaced.
• Acknowledge all sources in the text to maintain transparency in your research process.

Special formatting guidelines

Major headings under APA 7 are bolded and aligned centrally, while the subheadings are indented and end with a period. Subsequent levels of headings are used here:

This format of research papers necessitates a distinct heading structure, facilitating seamless navigation through the different formats. It also implements a unique citation format, guaranteeing that all your references are accurately acknowledged. Major headings are bolded and center-aligned, whereas subheadings are indented and end with a period.

The subsequent levels of headings are used in the APA paper format:

• Level 1: Bold, centered
• Level 2: Bold, left-aligned
• Level 3: Bold italic, left-aligned
• Level 4: Indented, bold
• Level 5: Indented, bold italic

Bonus tip: Titles for tables and figures should be succinct and clear and should be referenced in the text by their respective number. For instance, “As demonstrated in Table 1…”

2.  MLA format

The Modern Language Association (MLA) format is another frequently utilized format for research paper writing, primarily within the humanities. It underscores authorship, making it an excellent choice for papers that concentrate on original analysis.

For the visual learners out there, we’ve added some research paper format examples for your benefit! So, make sure you follow these guidelines while writing your paper.

The general guidelines of the MLA paper writing format are designed to establish a uniform and professional appearance for your work. Follow these steps when formatting your paper in MLA format:

• Use double spacing for your text. 
• Maintain one-inch margins all around.
• Opt for a readable font like 12-point Times New Roman.
• Incorporate a header with your last name and page number on every page.
• Use title case for headings, capitalizing the first letter of each major word.

The MLA paper format doesn’t typically necessitate a separate title page. Instead, the required information is positioned on the first page of the paper, which includes the following:

• Name of the student
• Instructor’s name
• Title of the course
• Date of submission

The title of the paper is presented in the next line, bolded and centered. It’s crucial to ensure that your title is informative and mirrors the content of your research paper.

Bonus tip: Refrain from italicizing, underlining, or bolding the title. Also, don’t use a period after the title.

Works cited page

The “Works Cited” page in the MLA 9 format lists all the sources referenced in your paper. This page plays a crucial role in formatting research papers to avoid plagiarism. While working on your MLA works cited page, keep the following points in mind:

• Start on a new page with the label “Works Cited”, centered and bolded at the top.
• List your entries in alphabetical order by the last names of the authors.
• Make sure each entry is double-spaced.

Remember, the works cited page is not a bibliography. It should only include sources you’ve quoted or paraphrased in your paper!

One of the defining characteristics of the MLA format is its use of parenthetical citations, making the MLA research paper format unique. Instead of footnotes or endnotes, sources are cited in the text using the author’s last name and the page number. For example, (Smith 23). 

Here are some additional guidelines for formatting your paper:

• In-text citations should directly follow the quote or paraphrase, but they should come before the period at the end of the sentence.
• Every major word in the title of a work must be capitalized.

3.  Chicago format

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), or simply the Chicago research paper format , is another commonly used style in academic and professional writing. Preferred by historians, this format offers flexibility and comprehensiveness to accommodate a wide variety of sources.

The general guidelines of the Chicago format are similar to those of the MLA and APA research paper formats, with minor differences. 

Here are the key points to remember about the Chicago paper format:

• Use double spacing for the main text.
• Use single spacing for block quotes, table titles, and figure captions.
• Maintain one-inch margins on all sides for a neat presentation.
• Use a readable font such as Times New Roman, size 12 pt.
• Start page numbers from the second page, and place them in the top right corner.

In the Chicago style, the title page includes the title of the paper, the author’s name, and your course information. Unlike other styles, the title page of a Chicago-formatted paper does not carry a page number or a running head. 

Remember these two things while formatting your Chicago title page:

• Make sure the title is positioned at the center of the page.
• Add your name and class information some lines below the table.

Observe the following example for the Chicago research paper format:

The reference page in the Chicago style is referred to as the “Bibliography”. This page includes all the sources that you’ve cited in your paper.  To correctly format your bibliography, follow the points mentioned below:

• Begin on a new page with the title “Bibliography” centered at the top.
• List your sources in alphabetical order by author’s last name.
• Use a “hanging indent” for each entry (the first line begins at the margin and the following lines are indented).

Bonus Tip: Make sure the bibliography includes all works that were consulted, not just those cited in the text.

One of the unique features of the Chicago style is its use of footnotes or endnotes for citations. When you quote or paraphrase a source, you’ll include a superscript number in the text that corresponds to a note with the citation information.

Here are some additional guidelines to format your paper in the Chicago style:

• Number the footnotes or endnotes consecutively, using Arabic numbers.
• You can be flexible with headings: Either stick to the classic five-level style or create your own.
• Ensure you stay consistent in your approach throughout your paper.

Bonus tip: The first time you’re citing a source, give all the citation info. Feel free to use the short version after that.

Formatting your research paper is much more than just improving aesthetics. It’s about making things easy to read, keeping everything on-brand, and showcasing your attention to detail. Understanding the nitty gritty of the APA, MLA, or Chicago research paper formats is essential to producing high-quality and well-organized research papers. 

We hope this article showed you how to format a research paper. After all, it’s our duty to equip you with the tools you need to excel academically. Otherwise, what good is our expertise as a paper editing service ?

If you’d like to keep creating well-researched and organized scholarly papers, here are some resources that could help:

• How to Write a Thesis Statement: Examples & Tips
• How to Write a MEAL Paragraph? Writing Plan Explained in Detail
• What Is a Mind Map? Free Mind Map Templates & Examples    
• Literary Analysis Essay: 5 Steps to a Perfect Assignment  
• Research Paper Proofreading | Definition, Significance & Standard Rates  
• Independent vs. Dependent Variables | Meaning & Examples

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How to Format a Citation

Examples of apa, mla, and chicago manual of style, citation styles: american psychological association (apa), citation styles: chicago, citation styles: modern language association (mla), example: direct quote cited in a book, example: reference within a journal article.

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There are two basic approaches to citation:

• In-text citations + a list of references at the end of the paper
• Endnotes or footnotes +/- a bibliography at the end of the paper

Scholars writing in the sciences and social sciences typically use in-text citations, while humanities scholars utilize endnotes/footnotes.

While the two basic approaches to citations are simple, there are many different citation styles.

What is a citation style?

The way that citations appear (format) depends on the citation style, which is a set of established rules and conventions for documenting sources.

Citation styles can be defined by an association, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA), publisher, such as the University of Chicago Press, or journal, such as The New England Journal of Medicine .

What citation style should I use?

The citation style that you use depends on the discipline in which you are writing, and where, or by whom, your work will be published or read.

When in doubt, ask your professor if there is a particular style that he/she would like you to use. 

Where can I find more information on how to cite a specific type of source in a particular style?

The library has style manuals in print and online for several commonly used styles such as American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA) and Chicago.  In addition, there are several excellent citation style guides on the web. (See below)

For examples of APA and MLA and Chicago Manual of Style, visit Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) site.

Frank, H. (2011). Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex Interactions Underlying Species Differences in Training and Problem-Solving Performance.  Behavior Genetics ,  41 (6), 830-839. 

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Print manual for the APA style, available in the Sciences and Rockefeller libraries.
• Purdue University Online Writing Lab Well-organized, easy-to-follow guide, with numerous examples.
• APA Style American Psychological Association website for the APA Style. Provides tutorials, answers to frequently asked questions, and more.

Frank, H. 2011. "Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex Interactions Underlying Species Differences in Training and Problem-Solving Performance."   Behavior Genetics  41 (6):830-839. 

• The Chicago Manual of Style Older (15th edition) print manual, available at the Sciences, Rockefeller and Orwig libraries.
• The Chicago Manual of Style Online Current (16th) edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, and answers to frequently asked questions. Off-campus use requires Brown username and password.

Frank, H. "Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex Interactions Underlying Species Differences in Training and Problem-Solving Performance."  Behavior Genetics  41.6 (2011): 830-39. Print.

• MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing Print manual for the MLA style. Available in the Rockefeller Library.
• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Print handbook for the MLA. Available in the Rockefeller Library.

Source: Gabriel, R. A. (2001). Gods of Our Fathers: The Memory of Egypt in Judaism & Christianity . Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Press.

Source: Bradt, J., Potvin, N., Kesslick, A., Shim, M., Radl, D., Schriver, E., … Komarnicky-Kocher, L. T. (2015). The impact of music therapy versus music medicine on psychological outcomes and pain in cancer patients: a mixed methods study. Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer , 23 (5), 1261–71.

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Mla Vs. Apa Format: Which Citation Style Should You Use For Science Writing?

When writing a science paper or lab report, using the correct formatting style is critical for properly citing sources and presenting your scientific ideas. The two most common formatting styles are MLA and APA, but which one should you use for science writing?

If you’re short on time, here’s a quick answer to your question: APA format is generally preferred over MLA for science writing . APA provides guidelines optimized for scholarly scientific communications and publications.

In this comprehensive guide, we compare MLA versus APA format for science writing. You’ll learn when to use each style, key formatting differences, and tips for consistently applying the right citations in your science papers.

When to Use MLA vs. APA for Science Writing

Types of science writing.

Science writing encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including biology, chemistry, physics, and environmental science. It can take various forms, such as research papers, lab reports, literature reviews, and scientific articles.

Each type of science writing has its own requirements when it comes to formatting and citation styles.

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is commonly used in the humanities, including literature, art, and language studies. While it is not the most common citation style for science writing, there are situations where MLA may be appropriate.

For example, if you are writing a science paper that focuses on the historical or cultural aspects of a scientific topic, MLA style may be more suitable.

MLA format typically uses in-text citations with the author’s last name and page number, and a Works Cited page at the end of the document. It is important to provide accurate and complete citations to give credit to the original authors and allow readers to locate the sources you used for your research.

APA (American Psychological Association) style is widely used in the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, and education. It is also commonly used in scientific research papers and articles.

APA style provides a clear and concise way to present scientific information and ensure consistency in citations.

In APA format, in-text citations include the author’s last name and the year of publication. A reference list is also included at the end of the document, providing detailed information about each source cited. This allows readers to easily find and verify the sources you used in your research.

When writing scientific papers, it is crucial to follow APA guidelines for citing sources, as it helps maintain the integrity of the research and allows other researchers to build upon your work.

Key Differences Between MLA and APA Format

In-text citations.

One of the key differences between MLA and APA format lies in how in-text citations are handled. In MLA format, the author’s last name and the page number are typically used to cite sources within the text. For example, (Smith 42).

On the other hand, APA format uses the author’s last name and the publication year. For instance, (Smith, 2019). This difference in formatting is important to keep in mind when writing scientific papers, as it ensures proper attribution of sources and allows readers to easily locate the full reference in the bibliography.

Reference Lists

Another significant difference between MLA and APA format is how the reference lists are structured. In MLA format, the reference list is called the Works Cited page, and it is placed at the end of the document.

Each entry is listed alphabetically by the author’s last name and includes the author’s name, the title of the work, the publication information, and the medium of publication. In contrast, APA format uses a reference list, which is also placed at the end of the document.

Each entry is organized alphabetically by the author’s last name and includes the author’s name, the publication year, the title of the work, and other publication information.

The use of headings in MLA and APA format also differs. In MLA format, headings are not typically used, as the focus is more on the content and structure of the paper. However, APA format requires the use of headings to organize the content and provide clarity to the reader.

APA format has specific guidelines for the formatting of headings, including the use of different levels (e.g., Heading 1, Heading 2) to indicate the hierarchy of information.

Figures and Tables

MLA and APA format also have different guidelines for the inclusion of figures and tables in scientific writing. In MLA format, figures and tables are often placed within the text, close to where they are mentioned. They are typically labeled as “Fig.” and “Table” followed by a number.

APA format, on the other hand, requires figures and tables to be placed in separate sections at the end of the document. Each figure and table should have a caption that describes the content and a number that corresponds to its order of appearance in the text.

It’s important to familiarize yourself with the specific formatting requirements of MLA and APA format when writing scientific papers. Adhering to the correct citation style ensures that your work is professional, consistent, and easily understandable to your readers.

APA Guidelines for Science Writing

Formatting research papers.

When it comes to formatting research papers in APA style for science writing, there are a few key guidelines to keep in mind. First and foremost, it is important to use 1-inch margins on all sides of the paper. Additionally, the font should be Times New Roman and set to a 12-point size.

The paper should be double-spaced throughout, including the title page, abstract, main body, and references. It is also crucial to include a running head and page numbers on each page.

Writing With Precision

APA style emphasizes clear and concise writing in science papers. When writing in APA style, it is important to be precise and avoid using vague or ambiguous language. This means using specific terminology, providing detailed explanations, and avoiding unnecessary jargon.

Additionally, APA style encourages writers to use active voice, which helps to make the writing more direct and engaging. By using active voice, the writer clearly identifies the subject of the sentence and makes the writing more engaging for the reader.

Using Active Voice

One of the key aspects of APA style for science writing is the use of active voice. Active voice is when the subject of the sentence performs the action, rather than having the action done to it. For example, instead of saying “The experiment was conducted,” APA style encourages writers to say “We conducted the experiment.”

Using active voice not only makes the writing more engaging, but it also helps to clearly identify the responsible party for the action.

Reporting Statistics

When reporting statistics in APA style for science writing, it is important to provide clear and accurate information. This can be done by using appropriate statistical symbols and formatting, such as italicizing variables and using subscripts.

Additionally, APA style requires writers to include relevant information such as means, standard deviations, and sample sizes. It is also important to clearly label figures and tables and provide a thorough explanation of the statistical analysis performed.

This helps to ensure that the reader can easily understand and interpret the data being presented.

Tips for Applying APA Style in Science Writing

Use citation generators.

When it comes to applying APA style in scientific writing, using citation generators can be a great help. These online tools automatically generate citations in APA format for various sources such as books, journals, websites, and more.

They save you time and ensure that your citations are formatted correctly, following the guidelines set by the American Psychological Association. Some popular citation generators include Citation Machine , EasyBib , and BibMe .

By using these tools, you can focus more on your research and writing, knowing that your citations are accurate and properly formatted.

Adhere to APA Paper Structure

When writing scientific papers in APA style, it’s important to follow the prescribed paper structure. The APA format typically includes a title page, an abstract, an introduction, a methods section, a results section, a discussion section, and a references page.

Each section has specific formatting requirements, such as the use of headings, subheadings, and proper citation formats. It’s crucial to familiarize yourself with these requirements and apply them consistently throughout your paper.

This ensures that your work is organized and easy to navigate for readers.

Be Consistent Throughout

Consistency is key when it comes to applying APA style in science writing. This means using the same format and style for all citations and references throughout your paper. Make sure to use the correct punctuation, capitalization, and italics when citing different sources, such as books, articles, or websites.

Additionally, pay attention to the order and formatting of the elements within each citation, including authors’ names, publication dates, titles, and page numbers. Being consistent in your formatting not only enhances the readability of your paper but also shows your attention to detail and adherence to professional standards.

Proofread and Revise

Before submitting your scientific paper, it’s crucial to proofread and revise it for any errors or inconsistencies, including those related to APA style. Carefully review your citations and references to ensure they are complete, accurate, and formatted correctly.

Check for any inconsistencies in capitalization, italics, or punctuation. Additionally, make sure your paper adheres to the overall guidelines of APA style, such as the use of proper headings and subheadings.

Taking the time to proofread and revise your work will help you present a polished and professional scientific paper.

For most science writing, APA format is the preferred citation style over MLA. APA provides specific guidelines that optimize scientific communication and publications.

By understanding when to use APA, adhering to key formatting differences from MLA, following APA science writing tips, and proofreading your citations, you can expertly apply APA style for your research papers, lab reports, and other scientific documents.

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• Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between MLA and APA

As different disciplines have a different way of researching information and so the method of development, compilation and presentation of that information is also different. Basically, these two formats provide recommendations on the way in which style, content and references are to be formatted.

Here we are going to tell you the differences between MLA and APA format.

Content: MLA Vs APA

Comparison chart, similarities.

Definition of MLA

MLA style is a formatting style developed by Modern Language Association, to provide the scholars, researchers, and journal publishers working in the field of literature and language, a uniform and consistent way of documenting the sources, research paper layout and presenting their research work.

The association releases the latest edition as a Handbook periodically, which not just contains instructions on MLA format, but also specific guidelines for submission of the work, which complies with the rules and standards of the association.

MLA style gives recommendations on the set of guidelines which the students and scholars can apply in their source. It focuses on the mechanics of writing, i.e. punctuation, citation and documentation. This style is preferred by various schools, colleges, universities, academic departments, etc. worldwide. It is primarily used in humanities, i.e. English language and literature, cultural studies, literary criticism, cultural studies and so forth.

Definition of APA

APA style is the formal style of formatting developed by the American Psychological Association in 1929, setting up rules for journal articles publications and books. The guidelines for the work is provided through the APA publication manual.

The APA style assists the authors to organize their work, while creating a distinct style of references and citations, in the field of behavioural sciences and social sciences. Behavioral Sciences include psychology, neuroscience and cognitive science, whereas social science covers human geography, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, economics, political science, etc.

It aims at providing the reader with a comprehensive text having appropriate headings, list of works cited and preventing plagiarism. It facilitates the researchers and scholars to communicate the facts and information about their projects, ideas, and experiments in a uniform and consistent format.

Basically there are four sections in the paper:

• Title page : It includes running head, title, name of the author and name of the educational institution.
• Abstract : An abstract is the synopsis of your paper, which should be around 150 to 250 words. The word limit can vary as per the requirement. It contains Topic of research, Questions and Hypothesis, Methodology, Analysis and Conclusion
• Main body : The main body is nothing but the essay, which may be divided into different sections.
• References : It contains the list of all the sources which have been referred and used while writing the paper

Key Differences Between MLA and APA

The differences between MLA and APA are discussed here in detail:

• MLA style can be understood as a means of documenting sources and formatting papers, in scholarly writing, developed by the Modern Language Association. On the other hand, APA style is one of the styles of writing papers, publications, books, journals etc. introduced by the American Psychological Association, which is mainly used in social sciences.
• If we talk about sections, there are four main sections in APA format, i.e. title page, abstract, body paragraphs and references. Conversely, the MLA format contains only two main sections which are – body paragraphs and work cited.
• In both direct and indirect in-text citation, in MLA format you don’t need to mention the year, and a comma after the name of the author and a p. before the page number, which is mandatory in the case of APA format.
• The source page, i.e. the page in which we list out all the sources which have been referred, used, or cited during the writing, is called references in case of APA format, whereas the same is known as works cited in MLA format.
• At the time of citing the sources at the end of the document, in MLA style the author’s last name is spelt out and then the first name is written. In contrast, in APA style, the authors last name is written, and the first name is reduced to initials.
• In MLA style, the first letter of all the important words in the title are capitalized and the title is underlined. As against, in an APA style, the first letter of title, subtitle and proper nouns, are capitalized and the title is written in Italics.
• In both styles, the paper needs to be double spaced.
• Font style should be “Times new roman”, with 12 point size.
• There should be a one-inch margin from each side.
• The list of sources used is arranged in alphabetical manner, as per the author’s last name.

One can choose any of the two formats for the work based on the question which is to be answered with the help of research, how the research paper is completed and the procedure applied during the writing process.

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MLA vs APA: Citation & Format Differences

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It is useful that you understand the basics of major styles - in particular, difference between APA and MLA. They are, indeed, very popular. If you are required to follow a specific style when writing your paper, you should learn about them, This guide will help you understand some peculiarities of APA and MLA, including the following aspects:

• Academic areas these styles are typically used for
• General paper format
• Rules of making proper citations
• Rules of making proper bibliography.

Stay with us and you will learn most of the information you should know about difference between APA and MLA. This short guide would help you grasp the main concept of each style and help you choose a proper one for your paper in case you have to choose for yourself.

Don't have time to sort things out? Delegate your writing task to StudyCrumb and get expert assistance at affordable rates. Leave us a notice " write my paper for me cheap " and we will give you a helping hand. 

APA vs MLA: Applicable Disciplines

Before deciding whether you should use MLA or APA, it is useful to understand what each of these abbreviations means. APA format paper stands for ‘American Psychological Association’. It was developed by this organization and is therefore recommended for:

• Anthropology
• Social Sciences

MLA has received its name from the Modern Language Association. This organization recommends using this style in such fields of study:

• Linguistics
• Other Humanities disciplines.

Students are often instructed to follow a certain style when writing their papers. But if you need to choose whether to use MLA or APA on your own, consider the aforementioned lists of academic areas and it will be quite clear which path to take.

APA vs MLA: Citation

One of a key elements of both styles is a proper formatting of citations. You need to specify all your sources in APA and MLA. Refer to material correctly when citing it in your own text. However, each of these styles requires different in-text references. The order of sources’ details in a bibliography section is also different in each case. Below you will find detailed guidelines on how to cite your sources in APA and MLA.

MLA vs APA: In-Text Citation

Let’s start with MLA vs APA in-text citations. Both styles require parenthetical blocks for citing sources. Difference lies in details put within parenthesis. In APA, you have to include the last name of source’s author and a year this source was published. A page number is also required when a specific paragraph is directly quoted or paraphrased. Name, year and page number are separated by comma. In MLA, you have to include author’s last name and a page number which is always required. Use more than one MLA in text citation example to do it right. If you are citing a work by two authors, you need to put an ampersand between their names when following the APA style. In MLA, you should separate them with “and.” In case your source was written by multiple authors (3+), you need to specify the first author’s name and add “et al.” after it in both styles. Here are a couple of samples:

• Single author:

• Two authors:

• Multiple authors:

Works Cited in MLA vs APA Reference List

Another important aspect to consider when choosing APA or MLA: Works Cited section. In both styles, you are expected to provide complete information about all your sources at the end of your papers on a separate page. It is called Works Cited page in MLA and References in APA. The main differences are the order of a source’s details and their format. In APA, you have to provide an initial instead of an author’s first name and put a publication date right after that. You have to provide a full first name and put publication date MLA format at the end of your references. The following part – a book, journal or article title – is having each major word capitalized in MLA, but only the 1st word capitalized in APA.

APA vs MLA: Format

General requirements of MLA and APA formatting have a number of similarities:

• Text should be double-spaced.
• Font size should be 12 pt, Sans Serif (Times New Roman is preferred).
• 1 inch margin throughout a whole paper.
• 0.5 inch indent for every paragraph.

However there are significant differences between these styles. Especially, when it comes to the following elements: 

• Running head
• Headings and subheadings.

Let us explore these differences in detail. Pay close attention to each of these elements listed above.

What are requirements regarding your title page in APA or MLA? MLA cover page does not require creating a separate title page. You should however add a header on the first page of your paper. Rules are simple:

• your full name;
• your professor’s name;
• course title and number;
• submission date.
• Header must be left-aligned and double-spaced.
• The paper’s main heading must be centered on a new line under a header. Your instructor may require you to include one, though.

In APA, a separate cover page is required. This is the first page of your paper. It should contain these parts:

• Title of your paper
• Your full name
• Your institution and course
• Name of your professor
• Submission date.

An entire page should be centered and double-spaced. Use our Title Page Creator to generate a cover page in APA or MLA automatically. 

Running Head in MLA and APA

Let us now find out what are the differences between MLA and APA when it comes to the running head. In MLA, you need to include your last name and the page number into the running head. They both must be aligned to the right. It should appear at the top of every page. Into the running head APA you need to include a right-aligned page number, likewise. However it should be preceded by a shortened version of your paper’s title. It must be up to 50 characters long, all in capitals and left-aligned. This header should appear at the top of every page, including the title page.

If you need to convert lowercase to uppercase for your running head, feel free to use our tool. 

Headings and Subheadings

Finally, let us explore the rules of APA and MLA heading  and subheading. Both styles foresee 5 levels of section headings. Here is how they are to be distinguished:

• APA: centered, bold, title case
• MLA: left-aligned, bold, no indent
• APA: left-aligned, bold, title case, no indent
• MLA: left-aligned, italicized, no indent
• APA: left-aligned, bold, italicized, title case, no indent
• MLA: centered, bold
• APA: left-aligned, bold, title case, indented and ending with period (.) The next paragraph starts from the same line
• MLA: centered, italicized
• APA: left-aligned, bold, title case, italicized, indented and ending with period. The next paragraph starts from the same line
• MLA: left-aligned, underlined.

MLA vs APA: Examples

If you need some MLA and APA format examples to make it easier for you, we’ve created a few templates for your convenience. Just click on the links below and you will find more valuable information about them. Pay close attention to the implementation of the above rules in these examples.

Bottom Line

In this article we have learned together how is APA different from MLA. Also, we figured out different key points which require your attention when analysing peculiarities of both styles. These key points are:

• Applicable disciplines
• In-text citations and bibliography
• General format
• Title page, header, headings and subheadings.

Each key point was explained, briefly but concisely. Samples were given to clarify all complicated cases. In addition to this detailed review we have created several templates. They could help to grasp the key differences. We hope this information will be helpful for you in your studies. Feel free to use it when creating your next paper! 

If you need further help, do not hesitate to contact us! Our team of academic advisors is always happy to provide assistance with assignment. You do not have to worry about deadlines. Our writers have plenty of experience with different papers. They will do your work in a quick and qualitative way!

Frequently Asked Questions about MLA vs APA style

1. which format is more common – apa or mla.

It is difficult to specify which style is more popular so it would be safe to assume that they are equally common. Both APA and MLA are widely used among college students in the US, UK and many other countries. Simultaneously, MLA is more often preferred among high-school students, who are required to use it in their papers. Apparently, the reason is that it is an easier one for starters.

2. Which style is easier to use - MLA or APA?

In general, both APA and MLA styles have clear and straightforward rules which do not make any of them too complicated for an average student to use. At the same time a popular opinion is that MLA style requires less effort since its rules of citing references are less complicated compared to APA. This makes it easy to complete an MLA paper in time.

3. What is the most difficult thing about APA style?

Following rules of APA style is not too complicated for those who are well experienced in writing scientific papers. But if you are a starter, the most difficult element of this style for you would be citing your sources in the bibliography section. The reason is, APA has complex rules of formatting full references, especially when it comes to specific printed issues, volumes and articles in periodicals.

4. Can I use MLA format in Social Sciences?

Typically, rules of choosing a style are pretty strict when it comes to a highly specialized paper of a senior grade student. So, MLA format cannot be used in an academic paper in Psychology, Economics, Social Sciences or anything else from a related area. Instead, you should use APA format for such disciplines. In any case, the best way is to consult with your instructor beforehand.

Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.

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• Boston University Libraries

Citing Your Sources

• Chicago Style
• Turabian Style
• CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style This link opens in a new window
• Harvard Style
• NLM (National Library of Medicine) Style

MLA  stands for the Modern Language Association, and its style guidelines have been assisting authors since 1951. MLA style is most commonly used to cite sources within the language arts, cultural studies, and other humanities disciplines. For more information, please consult the official MLA Handbook (9th ed.).

Please note that MLA guidelines do change over time, so it’s important to be aware of the most current information. As always, follow the requirements of your teacher or professor; their requirements take precedence.

• MLA Formatting & Style Guide Excelsior's Online Writing Lab offers this open access style guide, tutorial, and checklist for formatting your papers in MLA style.
• MLA Essay Template The Excelsior Online Writing Lab created this template to give writers a foundation for formatting using the Modern Language Association guidelines.
• MLA Style: How to Format (Excelsior Online Writing Lab) Excelsior Online Writing Lab is an excellent open-access resource for citing in MLA style.

• Last Updated: Sep 24, 2024 3:06 PM
• URL: https://library.bu.edu/citing-your-sources

EAS 100 - Benson-Lira/Sedam - Fall 2024

• EAS 100 - Intro to Earth Science
• What is a Peer-Reviewed Article?
• MLA & APA Citations
• Class survey
• Ask a Librarian! Get Research Help This link opens in a new window

More ways to get help!

• Get Writing Help from the Tutoring Center The Learning Center offers free tutoring to all Oakton students in a variety of subjects. Find out more!

Tips for distinguishing between different types of sources

In EAS 100, you are expected to know what kind of source you are citing in your research paper. Here are three resources from other institutions designed to help with that task. Still confused?  Contact the Ask a Librarian online reference service. We are all here to help!

• Examples - How to Read Citations - Library Guides at UC Berkeley This guide will help you identify elements to distinguish one kind of citation from another (a book from a journal article, for example). more... less... The citations shown are in the APA style, but the elements you should look out for (authors, editors, publication information...) will be present in some form in most common citation styles.
• Types of Sources - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University This Purdue OWL resources lists the types of sources most frequently used in academic research and describes the sort of information that each commonly offers.
• Identifying Information Sources Online - LibGuides at California State University, East Bay This guide from Cal State, East Bay is designed to help users distinguish between different type of sources more... less... found online: articles, ebooks, websites, blogs, forum posts, and more.

Many of Oakton’s databases include citation generating tools.  When you get an article in a database, you can usually find and copy the citation in your required style directly into your Works Cited (MLA), References (APA), or Noodle Tools (discussed below in the Copying & Pasting Citations video).

Oakton pays for a citation management software called  NoodleTools . You can create a personal account, allowing you to save your sources and export your sources to Word or Google Docs in the proper format. Learn how to use NoodleTools with the short videos at the bottom of this page..

Quick Links for Citation Tips

• APA Citations
• MLA Citations
• APA Style Works Cited Basic Rules This page gives basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper.
• APA Style in-text citations Learn how to cite sources in the body of your paper.
• MLA Sample Works Cited Page Review a completed Works Cited page in 9th edition MLA format.
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide Excellent overview of 9th edition MLA citations.
• MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics Learn how to cite sources in the body of your paper.

NoodleTools citation manager

NoodleTools is a full featured citation manager that will help you format and save your citations online. 

• When you connect to Noodletools with the link provided below , you will be prompted for your Oakton username and password (same as used for D2L and MyOakton).   
• Your next step depends on whether you are a returning user or a new user: Returning user:  If you have already registered a Personal ID and Password for NoodleTools, you can Sign In. New user:  If you are a new NoodleTools user, select the " Don't have an account? Register " button to register a Personal ID and Password of your choice (It's easier to remember your NoodleTools ID if you use your myOakton user name).

It is easy to register and set up an account.  You will need to set up an account on campus; use the 'NoodleTools Assistance' document below or view the video.  To start go to:  my.noodletools.com

Online students:  please check with your instructor or librarian about how to get an account if you are never on campus.

• NoodleTools This link opens in a new window

Spend LESS than 6 minutes learning how to use NoodleTools

• NoodleTools Login (1:59 min)
• Citing with NoodleTools (1:17 min)
• Copying & Pasting Citations (2:19 min)

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• MLA Papers - Guidelines & Templates
• Works Cited List
• In-Text Citations
• Annotated Bibliographies
• NoodleTools

Sample Works Cited

• Sample Works Cited Page - PDF
• Sample Works Cited Page - Word
• Why Cite Your Sources?
• Database-Generated Citations
• Key Terms to Know
• Hanging Indents

1. Help readers identify and locate the source you used.

Readers may want to locate the source you have cited, to verify the information or to learn more about the topic. A proper citation includes all of the information for readers to locate the source.

2. Provide evidence that your position is well-researched.

Scholarly writing is grounded in research. Citations strengthen your argument by demonstrating that your position is thoroughly researched.

3. Give credit to the author of ideas which are not your own, and thereby avoid plagiarism.

Giving proper credit to those whose ideas, words, and thoughts you use is not only respectful to those authors, but also helps you avoid plagiarism. 

Pre-Generated Citations

Nearly all of the UCC Library databases will provide you with instant citations in MLA and APA format for articles, books, and videos. This can be quite helpful, but oftentimes they are incorrect. Always be sure to review them for accuracy instead of assuming they are correct.

Selected Bibliography

A technique for properly attributing information to the appropriate author or source.

Citation style

A prescribed set of stylistic and formatting conventions for citing sources in a consistent manner within a given discipline. 

Intellectual property

Refers to property created through the use of the mind (i.e. intellect), encompassing a wide variety of original creations, including manuscripts, recordings, artwork, inventions, an designs.

Intentional plagiarism

Deliberate stealing of another's ideas or representing such as your own.

Paraphrasing

A means of incorporating text into your paper using roughly the same amount of words as the original but restating the information without quoting it.

Inadvertent or purposeful stealing of intellectual property by failing to properly acknowledge the owner.

A means of incorporating text into your paper using the exact wording and formatting of the original.

Summarizing

A means of incorporating text into your paper by condensing original source materials to present main ideas in a narrower, more focused way.

Unintentional plagiarism

A type of plagiarism committed accidentally and resulting from such factors as a lack of knowledge of proper source use, a misunderstanding of the rules of citation, or careless note taking. 

McAdoo M. L. (2015).  The student's survival guide to research . Neal-Schuman.

What are Hanging Indents?

A hanging indent is the indentation of all lines other than the first within a paragraph. These are typically only used in bibliographies, as they allow for easy differentiation between sources. APA and MLA require the use of hanging indents in reference lists. 

APA:  For information on hanging indents in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  see section 2.12, "Reference List."

MLA:  For information on hanging indents in  The MLA Handbook  see section 1.6, "Placement of the List of Works Cited."

• Crear sangrías colgantes en Microsoft Word Vea éste vídeo en español.

What are Footnotes?

Footnotes are short numbered notes that are placed at the bottom of the page in an essay or article. They are used for a variety of reasons including, citing materials, providing notes on a source or topic, and to acknowledge copyright status.

Although you will find footnotes in many journal articles, they are not typically required in APA or MLA formatted essays. 

• Cómo incorporar notas al calce en Microsoft Word Mira este video en español.

Types of Citations

• Social Media
• Visual Media

Citing Articles in MLA Format

Use this format for citing periodicals, magazines, newspapers, blog posts, and other similar sources.

Basic format for periodicals ​

Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Article: Subtitle of Article." Title of Periodical , vol. #, issue no. #, Publication Date, pages.  Database Name* , DOI/URL. Date of Access**.

*Only put the name of the database that an article was found in if it was found in a database. If it was found in print or on the web omit this section.

**You only need to put a date of access if there is not a publication date.

From an academic/scholarly journal ​

Overton, Tiffany L., et al. “Distracted Driving: Prevalence, Problems, and Prevention.”  International Journal of Injury Control & Safety Promotion , vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2015, pp. 187–192.  Academic Search Complete , doi:10.1080/17457300.2013.879482.

Smith, Gary, and Margaret Hwang Smith. "Like Mother, Like Daughter? An Economic Comparison of Immigrant Mothers and Their Daughters." International Migration, vol. 51, no. 2, 2013, pp. 181-190.

From a newspaper ​

Healy, Melissa. "Opioid Addiction can be Overcome with Mindfulness, Study Suggests."  Los Angeles Times , 17 Oct. 2019,  www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-10-17/addiction-to-opioids-can-be-overcome-with-mindfulness .

Martin, Naomi. "New Hampshire's Opioid Crisis Looms Over Marijuana Legalization Debate."  Boston Globe , 5 Feb. 2019 . ProQuest , login.ezproxyness.helmlib.org/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.ezproxyness.helmlib.org/docview/2176030699?accountid=37958 .

Max, Arthur. “Blair Begins Mission as Mideast Envoy.”  The Boston Globe,  24 July 2007, p. A3.

From a popular magazine ​

Ford, Anne. "It's Not Such a Small World After All: Introducing Older Adults to Virtual Reality."  American Libraries , vol. 50, no. 3/4, Mar./Apr. 2019, pp. 22-23.

Gugliotta, Guy. “The Maya: Glory and Ruin.”  National Geographic , vol. 212, no. 2, Aug. 2007, pp. 68‐73.

Toensmeier, Eric, and Dennis Garrity. “The Biomass Bottleneck.”  Scientific American , vol. 323, no. 2, Aug. 2020, pp. 64-71.  Academic Search Complete , search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=144469972&site=ehost-live&scope=site .

Citing Books in MLA Format

Use this format for citing physical and digital books including citing individual chapters from books and/or works in anthologies.

Basic format for a book

Lastname, Firstname**. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Publisher, Year Published.  

Everly, George S., Jr., and Jeffrey M. Lating. The Johns Hopkins Guide to Psychological First Aid . Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017.

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. Penguin Press, 2006.

Siebert, Lee, et al. Volcanoes of the World . Smithsonian Institution, 2010. 

Basic format for an eBook

Author or Editor (if given). Title of Book : Subtitle of Book . e-book ed., Publisher, Publication date.  Provider/Database/Container , URL (if available).  

Bleeker, Maaike, editor.   Anatomy Live: Performance and the Operating Theater . e-book ed., Amsterdam University Press, 2008.  Ebook Central , ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/necc-ebooks/detail.action?docID=456860 .

Basic format for a book chapter or work in an anthology

Author of chapter. "Title of Chapter: Subtitle of Chapter."  Title of Book: Subtitle of Book , edited by Firstname Lastname, Publisher, Publication date, pp. x-xx.  

Vicioso, Sherezada. “The Caribbean, or the Feminine Face of Multiculturalism.”  Daring to Write: Contemporary Narratives by Dominican Women , edited by Erika M. Martinez, University of Georgia Press, 2016, pp. 159-163.

*If there are 2 authors use this format: Lastname 1, Firstname 1, and Firstname 2 Lastname 2 (such as in the Everly example above).

**If there are three or more authors only put the primary author's name and follow it with "et al." (such as in the Siebert example above).

Citing Websites in MLA Format

Use this format for citing webpages, websites, and other online sources. Do not use this for citing scholarly/academic articles accessed via the web.

Many web sources do not always provide all of the above information (such as an individual author, or a publication date), use the information you can find to create your citations.

Basic format for web sources

Author or Editor (if given). "Title of Webpage."  Name of Website. Publisher or Sponsor of the website* , Date published or updated,  URL/DOI/permalink. Accessed date**.  

Central Intelligence Agency. “Central America: Haiti.” The World Factbook , 19 Mar. 2020, www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/ the-world-factbook/geos/aa.html .

“The Most Haunted Places in Boston.” Ghosts & Gravestones , www.ghostsandgravestones.com/boston/haunted-places.php . Accessed 8 Apr. 2020

Teitell, Beth. "Why We Turn into Different People When We Fly." Boston Globe , 9 July 2019, www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/07/09/   why-turn-into-different-people-when-ly/sxf7XYIHGpm0FkfVct L26M/story.html .

* If the Publisher is the same as the name of the website, omit it. See the Teitell example above

** You do not need to put a date of access if there is a date of publication on the webpage. If there is not a date of publication or date last updated, do not use the copyright date of the website . Use the date you accessed the webpage/website and place it at the end of your citation after the URL/DOI/Permalink. See "The Most Haunted" example above.

Citing Social Media in MLA Format

Use this format for citing social media posts in MLA format.

X (Twitter)

@Twitter handle. "Insert the entire tweet here."  Twitter , DD Mon. YYYY, Time of the post*, URL of tweet.  *to find the time of posting hover over the date of the posting itself. 

@BostonGlobe. "Not all potholes are created equal. Some have cost the City of Boston thousands of dollars in payments. bos.gl/MgY2nvG."  Twitter , 2 Apr. 2018, 4:59 a.m., twitter.com/BostonGlobe/status/980776643068399616. 

Author Last Name, First Name or Account Name. Description of Post*. Facebook , DD Mon. YYYY, Time of Post, URL. *as Facebook posts can be lengthy, simply write your own short description of the post.

The Boston Globe. Eversource talks about ways to cut down on power outages.  Facebook , 1 Apr. 2018, 10:15 p.m., www.facebook.com/globe/.

Citing Videos in MLA Format

Use this format for citing physical and digital videos including videos on platforms such as YouTube and Vimeo.

Lastname, Firstname of presenter. Title of Webinar*. Publisher or organization responsible for the webinar , Date of Webinar,  URL (only necessary if watching a recorded webinar). Webinar**.  

Gibson, Angela. MLA Style 101. Modern Language Association, 22 Aug. 2017. Webinar.

Gibson, Angela. MLA Style 101. Modern Language Association, 30 Aug. 2017, outreach.mla.org/mla-style .

*Note that the title of the webinar is styled without quotation marks or italics.

**It is optional to add the word "Webinar" after the date of a live webinar, or the URL of a pre-recorded webinar.

PowerPoint presentations

Lastname, Firstname.  Title of Presentation .  Name of Learning Management System , uploaded by Firstname Lastname*, Date uploaded, URL of the Learning Management System.  PowerPoint  presentation*.  

Carson, Sandy. Introduction to Digital Humanities . Blackboard , uploaded by Carson, 20 Oct. 2019, blackboard.ucla.edu/ . PowerPoint presentation.

*It is optional to add the words " PowerPoint  presentation" after the URL of the Learning Management System. 

Works of art

Artist or username. Title. Date the image was created. Medium. Museum, City. Database name or title of site,  URL. Date of access.

On a website

Chagall, Marc.  Village Street. 1930s. Oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.  Museum of Fine Arts,   www.mfa.org/collections/object/village-street-34267 . Accessed 1 Oct. 2014.  

In a Database

Chagall, Marc. The Yellow Room.  1911. Oil on canvas. Private collection.  Artstor,  library.artstor.org/library/secure/ViewImages?id=%2FThWdC8hIywtPygxFTx5RngtU3IqeFo%3D&userId=hzZAfDkg&zoomparams= . Accessed 21 Sept. 2016.

Title of the video . Directed by Name Lastname, Distributor, Year.

Feature Films

Demolition Man . Directed by Marco Brambilla, Warner Bros. Pictures, 1993.

From YouTube

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.”  YouTube , uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E .

 "Kingston's Warning to the Jericho Appreciation Society is Heard Loud & Clear. AEW Dynamite, 4/27/22."  YouTube , uploaded by All Elite Wrestling, 28 April 2022,  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1YsiX7j8XU

 From a streaming service (television episode)

"Eighteen Years Lost".  Making a Murderer , season 1, episode 1, Synthesis Films, 2015.  Netflix ,  https://www.netflix.com/title/80000770

Guidelines for Building an MLA Citation

• Title of Source & Container
• Contributors, Version, Number
• Publisher, Publication Date, Location

Basics for Creating MLA Citations

Each entry in your  Works Cited  should contain the relevant "core elements" for that source.  In order for the system to remain flexible, it is less about choosing the right citation based on the format (e.g. book, website) and more about creating a citation based on the information elements available for the source. According to MLA, the core elements are:

• Title of source.
• Title of container,
• Contributors,
• Publication date,

MLA also mentions several supplemental elements, including original date of publication and date of access. If you think your citation should include one of these supplemental elements please consult the  MLA Handbook, 9th edition , available at the library, or Ask Us!

Once you have identified and filled in each of the relevant core elements for your source, an entry on your Works Cited page for a  book  will be formatted to look similar to this:

Author Information

Cite the author’s name with the surname first, followed by the rest of the name as it appears in the source.  In some cases, the author will not be a person but an organization of some type instead, such as a government agency.

Jacobs, Alan.  The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction . Oxford UP, 2011.

United Nations.  Consequences of Rapid Population Growth in Developing Countries . Taylor and Francis, 1991.

If the Works Cited list includes two or more entries by the same author(s), give the author(s) name(s) in the first entry only. In subsequent entries, use three hyphens in place of the names, followed by a period and the title. Arrange the works in alphabetical order by title.

Borroff, Marie.  Language and the Poet: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore . U of Chicago P, 1979.

---. "Sound Symbolism as Drama in the Poetry of Robert Frost."  PMLA , vol. 107, no. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 131-44.  JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/462806.

To cite a source with two authors, give their names in the same order as listed in the source. Reverse only the name of the first author, add a comma, and give the other name in normal form. Place a period after the last name. To cite a source with three or more authors, name only the first author followed by  et al .

Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich.  The Crown of Columbus . HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.

Burdick, Anne, et al.  Digital_Humanities . MIT P, 2012.

If there is no author, begin the entry with the title.

In a reference to an edited book, insert the editor's name in place of the author's name, followed by a comma and the word "editor" (without the quotation marks).

Title Information

Titles should appear exactly as they appear in the source, other than capitalization. Capitalize the first, the last, and all principal words in a title and subtitle. Italicize the title of larger, self-contained works such as books and periodicals.

For the titles of works contained within larger works, such as articles within a periodical, chapters within a book, etc., use quotation marks.

Goldman, Anne. "Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante."  The Georgia Review , vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69-88.

Source (Container) Information

When a source is part of a larger work, MLA refers to the larger work as the source's "container." A container could be a book that is a collection of shorter works, a journal or magazine, a TV series, or a website. Italicize the title of the container and follow it with a comma.

Bazin, Patrick. "Toward Metareading."  The Future of the Book , edited by Geoffrey Nunberg, U of California P, 1996, pp. 153-68.

Sources can have more than one container.  For instance, a journal article may be found within a database, or a TV series may be viewed on a platform like  Hulu  or  Netflix . MLA recommends documenting all of the containers relevant to your source (pp. 31-36).

Goldman, Anne. "Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante."  The Georgia Review , vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp. 69-88.  JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.

"Under the Gun."  Pretty Little Liars , season 4, episode 6, ABC Family, 16 July 2013.  Hulu,  www.hulu.com/watch/511318.

Contributor Information

People other than the author may have contributed to the creation of a source. Include the names of any such people after a description of their role (such as edited by or adapted by).

Chartier, Roger.  The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries . Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane, Stanford UP, 1994.

Version Information

For an edition other than the first, identify the edition of your source by number (e.g. 2nd ed.), by name (e.g. Revised ed.), or by year (e.g. 2008 ed.) - whichever the source indicates.

Newcomb, Horace, editor.  Television: The Critical View . 7th ed., Oxford UP, 2007.

Number Information

For books that are part of a multi-volume set, include the volume number. For journals, include both the volume and issue number, if available.

Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media."  PMLA , vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.

Rampersad, Arnold.  The Life of Langston Hughes . 2nd ed., vol. 2, Oxford UP, 2002.

Publisher Information

For books, list the publisher’s name as it appears on the title page or copyright page.  For websites, check the copyright notice at the bottom of the home page or an "About" page.

Clancy, Kate. "Defensive Scholarly Writing and Science Communication."  Context and Variation , Scientific American Blogs, 24 Apr. 2013, blogs.scientificamerican.com/context-and-variation/2013/04/24/defensive-scholarly-writing-and-science-communication/.

Publication Date

List the publication date as fully as you find it in the source. If there is more than one publication date, list the date of the version you are looking at or the edition you have used.

Belton, John. "Painting by the Numbers: The Digital Intermediate."  Film Quarterly , vol. 61, no. 3, Spring 2008, pp. 58-65.

Ellison, Ralph.  Invisible Man . Vintage Books, 1995.

Hollmichael, Stefanie. "The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print."  So Many Books , 25 Apr. 2013, somanybooksblog.com/2013/04/25/the-reading-brain-differences-between-digital-and-print/.

Location Information

For print sources, use a page number or page number range to identify the location of a source within its container. For online works use the DOI (preferred) or URL -- be sure to  remove  the  https:// from your citation.

Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media."  PMLA , vol. 128, no 1., Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.

Chan, Evans. "Postmodernism and Hong Kong Cinema,"  Postmodern Culture , vol. 10, no. 3, May 2000.  Project Muse , doi:10.1353/pmc.2000.0021

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. Umpqua Community College Library , 1140 Umpqua College Rd., Roseburg, OR 97470, 541-440-4640 Except where otherwise noted, content in these research guides is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

Primary Sources: What They Are and Where to Find Them

• What is a Primary Source?
• Finding Primary Sources in the UWRF Library

Citing Primary Resources

The purpose of a citation is to tell someone else where you found a certain piece of information. Archival materials are unique and the original can only be found in one place. Even published materials in special collections can be hard to find in more than one repository, so a good citation to the copy you used is important. Citations for archival materials and rare or unusual published materials should make it clear not only what the source is, but also where, exactly, it can be found.

Different style manuals cite materials slightly differently. Find out from your professor — or editor if you are writing for publication — which manual you should follow. They are all good at providing examples of how to cite books, journal/magazine articles, newspaper articles, electronic resources, and "government documents" (published government materials, like the Congressional Record and the Serial Set), but not all style manuals provide good examples for archival/manuscript materials.

If you want to try an online citation generator, try out  Citation Machine , which has generators for APA, MLA, Chicago, and some other less-known guides. You will need to click on "Other" to find archival materials like court cases, letters, manuscripts, photographs, etc.

Following are some examples of actual materials from the UWRF University Archives and Area Research Center.  

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