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• How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

• Start with a question
• Write your initial answer
• Develop your answer
• Refine your thesis statement

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Table of contents

What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

• Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
• Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
• Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

• Why you hold this position
• What they’ll learn from your essay
• The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

• In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
• In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

• Ask a question about your topic .
• Write your initial answer.
• Develop your answer by including reasons.
• Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

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How to Write an Effective Thesis: Step-by-Step Guide

Writing a thesis can seem overwhelming at first, but breaking it down into manageable steps can make the process much easier. This guide will walk you through each step, from choosing a research topic to preparing for your thesis defence. By following these steps, you can stay organised and focused, making the journey smoother and less stressful.

Key Takeaways

• Selecting a research topic that interests you is crucial for maintaining motivation throughout the process.
• Conducting preliminary research helps in finding reliable sources and forming solid research questions.
• A clear and concise thesis statement guides the direction of your paper and keeps you focused.
• Organising your research and notes efficiently can save you a lot of time and effort.
• Revising and editing your draught is essential for catching mistakes and improving the quality of your thesis.

Choosing a Research Topic

Identifying your interests.

Start by thinking about what excites you . Pick a topic that you find fun and fulfilling. This will keep you motivated throughout your research. Make a list of subjects you enjoy and see how they can relate to your field of study.

Evaluating the Scope of the Topic

Once you have a list of potential topics, evaluate their feasibility. Consider the availability of data, the possibility of conducting interviews, and your access to information. A realistic topic will make it easier to back up your arguments and structure your thesis effectively.

Consulting with Advisors

If you have difficulty finding a topic, consult with your advisors. Present your ideas to them and seek their guidance. They can provide valuable insights and help you refine your topic to ensure it is both engaging and manageable.

Conducting Preliminary Research

Gathering relevant sources.

When you start your thesis, you need to find relevant and reliable information . This means looking at different types of documents and maybe even doing interviews. To avoid getting overwhelmed, focus on finding information that directly relates to your research question. Keep only the information that is relevant to your problem.

Evaluating Source Credibility

Not all sources are equal. It's important to check if your sources are trustworthy. Look for articles that have been reviewed by other experts, books from well-known publishers, and reliable websites. Always check the author's background and the date of publication to make sure the information is current and reliable.

Formulating Research Questions

Before you dive into your thesis, you need to define your research question. This question will guide your entire study and help you stay focused. Start by exploring broad topics of interest and then narrow them down to specific questions that are both relevant and researchable.

Creating a Comprehensive Outline

Creating a comprehensive outline is a crucial first step in writing your thesis. It helps you organise your thoughts and ensures that your writing process is smooth and efficient. A well-structured outline can simplify your writing process and produce top-notch results.

Formulating a Strong Thesis Statement

Characteristics of a good thesis statement.

A good thesis statement is clear and specific. It should tell the reader what you plan to argue and how you plan to argue it. A strong thesis statement guides writing, provides focus, engages readers, and is supported by evidence for academic success . It should be able to take a stand and justify that stand, prompting the reader to ask questions like "how" or "why." Avoid using unclear language and the first person.

Techniques for Crafting Your Thesis Statement

To craft a strong thesis statement, start by identifying your main argument or claim. Make sure it is definable and arguable. Then, outline the main points that will support your argument. This will help you stay focused and organised. Remember, a good thesis statement can provoke thought and arouse interest. It should be specific and usually found in the first paragraph of your thesis paper.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Being too vague: A thesis statement should be specific and clearly state your main point.
• Lack of focus: Ensure your thesis statement addresses one main idea to avoid confusing your readers.
• Using weak language: Avoid verbs like “may,” “might,” or “could.” Instead, use assertive verbs like “will,” “does,” and “shall.”
• Trying to fit everything into one sentence: If needed, use an extra sentence to add detail rather than cramming everything into one.
• Not answering the question: Make sure your thesis statement directly answers the research question you are addressing.

Organising Your Research and Notes

Methods for note-taking.

Before diving into writing, it's crucial to organise your research materials . Start by categorising your notes into logical sections. This can be done using digital folders or physical binders. Label everything clearly to make it easy to find later. Consider using mind maps or sticky notes to visualise connections between different pieces of information.

Categorising Information

Once your notes are organised, the next step is to categorise the information. Create a folder structure with main folders for each chapter and subfolders for specific topics. This method helps in keeping your research focused and prevents you from getting overwhelmed. For example:

• Subfolder: Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Subfolder: Chapter 2 - Literature Review
• Subfolder: Chapter 3 - Methodology

Using Reference Management Software

To streamline your research process, consider using reference management software like EndNote or Zotero. These tools help you keep track of your sources and format your citations correctly. They also allow you to store PDFs and notes, making it easier to retrieve information when needed. This step is essential for maintaining academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism.

Writing the Thesis: Best Practises

Structuring the thesis.

A well-structured thesis is crucial for clarity and coherence. Start with an introduction that outlines your research question and objectives. Follow this with a literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Ensure each section flows logically into the next to maintain a clear narrative.

Drafting and Revising

When you begin drafting, don't aim for perfection. Write regularly and keep a dialogic notebook to track your thoughts and progress. After completing a draught, take a break before revising. This pause allows you to review and synthesise your work with fresh eyes. Remember, multiple revisions are key to a polished thesis .

Maintaining Academic Integrity

Academic integrity is paramount. Always cite your sources correctly to avoid plagiarism. Use a consistent citation style and pay attention to detail. If you're unsure how to start thesis writing , consult your advisor or use online resources for guidance. Maintaining integrity not only upholds academic standards but also enhances the credibility of your work.

Effective Data Collection and Analysis

Choosing data collection methods.

Selecting the right data collection methods is crucial for the success of your research. Consider methods such as surveys, interviews, or experiments based on your research needs. Effective data analysis involves using appropriate statistical or qualitative techniques to examine your data systematically.

Analysing Data Accurately

Once you have collected your data, the next step is to analyse it accurately. Use statistical tools and software to help you interpret the data. Create tables and graphs to illustrate your findings clearly. This will help you present your results in a structured and understandable way. Data analysis is one of the most vital components of any thesis.

Interpreting Results

Interpreting your results is an essential part of your thesis. Discuss how your findings relate to your research questions and the existing literature. Highlight the significance of your analyses and the reliability of your findings. This will help you draw meaningful conclusions and provide valuable insights into your research topic.

Revising and Editing Your Draught

Strategies for Effective Revision

Revising is more than just fixing typos; it's about re-seeing your work. Focus on larger issues like structure, clarity, and argument strength. Don't hesitate to submit drafts to your advisor for feedback. Remember, your first draught won't be perfect, and that's okay.

Common Editing Pitfalls

Avoid common mistakes like over-editing early drafts or neglecting to check for consistency. Ensure your arguments flow logically and that your thesis remains focused. Be mindful of grammar and punctuation errors, as they can detract from your work's professionalism.

Seeking Feedback from Advisors

Receiving feedback is crucial. Your advisor can provide insights that you might overlook. Be open to constructive criticism and use it to improve your thesis. Regularly sharing your progress can help you stay on track and make necessary adjustments early on.

Preparing for the Thesis Defence

Creating a Presentation

When preparing for your thesis defence, start by creating a clear and concise presentation. Your slides should highlight the key points of your research, including your research questions, methodology, findings, and conclusions. Practise your presentation multiple times to ensure you are comfortable with the material and can present it confidently.

Anticipating Questions

It is crucial to anticipate the questions that your committee might ask. Review your thesis thoroughly and think about potential weaknesses or areas that might need further explanation. Being familiar with all the information you include in the thesis will help you clarify and argue about all the material you have in your project. If needed, you should also be able to explain your project in a simplified way.

Practising Your Defence

Practise delivering your presentation in front of friends or family members. This will help you get used to speaking in front of an audience and receive feedback on your performance. Make sure to work on your pacing, tone, and body language to ensure you come across as confident and knowledgeable. Remember, the goal is to communicate your research effectively and convincingly.

Getting ready for your thesis defence can be nerve-wracking, but it doesn't have to be. Our step-by-step Thesis Action Plan is here to guide you through every stage, making the process much simpler. Don't let stress take over. Visit our website to discover how you can conquer your thesis with confidence.

Writing an effective thesis is a challenging yet rewarding endeavour. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can break down the process into manageable tasks, making it less daunting. Start with a clear outline, conduct thorough research, and craft a strong thesis statement. Stay organised and seek feedback from your supervisor and peers. Remember, revising and refining your work is crucial for producing a high-quality thesis. Celebrate your progress and stay focused on your goal. Completing a thesis is a significant achievement that showcases your dedication and hard work. Keep pushing forward, and you will reach the finish line with pride and a sense of accomplishment.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is choosing a research topic important.

Choosing a research topic is crucial because it sets the direction for your entire thesis. It should be something you're interested in and can find enough information on.

How do I gather sources for my preliminary research?

Start by looking for books, articles, and reliable websites related to your topic. Libraries and academic databases are great places to find credible sources.

What's the best way to create an outline for my thesis?

An outline helps organise your thoughts. Start with the main sections like introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion. Break these down into smaller sub-sections.

What makes a good thesis statement?

A good thesis statement is clear and specific. It tells the reader what you will discuss and your main argument. It should be placed at the end of your introduction.

How should I organise my research notes?

Use methods like digital folders or note-taking apps. Categorise information by themes or sections of your thesis. This makes it easier to find and cite sources later.

What are some tips for revising and editing my thesis?

Take breaks between writing and revising to see your work with fresh eyes. Look for common mistakes like grammar errors and unclear arguments. Ask for feedback from advisors or peers.

How do I ensure proper formatting and citation?

Follow the style guide recommended by your institution, like APA or Harvard. Make sure to cite all sources correctly to avoid plagiarism.

What should I expect during my thesis defence?

Prepare a presentation summarising your research. Anticipate questions from the committee and practise your responses. Stay calm and confident.

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Research Paper: A step-by-step guide: 3. Thesis Statement & Outline

• 1. Getting Started
• 2. Topic Ideas
• 3. Thesis Statement & Outline
• 4. Appropriate Sources
• 5. Search Techniques
• 6. Taking Notes & Documenting Sources
• 7. Evaluating Sources
• 8. Citations & Plagiarism
• 9. Writing Your Research Paper

About Thesis Statements

Qualities of a thesis statement.

Thesis statements:

• state the subject matter and main ideas of a paper.
• appear in the first paragraph and announces what you will discuss in your paper.
• define the scope and focus of your essay, and tells your reader what to expect.  
• are not a simple factual statement.  It is an assertion that states your claims and that you can prove with evidence.
• should be the product of research and your own critical thinking.
• can be very helpful in constructing an outline for your essay; for each point you make, ask yourself whether it is relevant to the thesis.

Steps you can use to create a thesis statement

1. Start out with the main topic and focus of your essay.

youth gangs + prevention and intervention programs

2. Make a claim or argument in one sentence.  It can be helpful to start with a question which you then turn into an argument

Can prevention and intervention programs stop youth gang activities?  How?  ►►►  "Prevention and intervention programs can stop youth gang activities by giving teens something else to do."

3. Revise the sentence by using specific terms.

"Early prevention programs in schools are the most effective way to prevent youth gang involvement by giving teens good activities that offer a path to success."

4. Further revise the sentence to cover the scope of your essay and make a strong statement.

"Among various prevention and intervention efforts that have been made to deal with the rapid growth of youth gangs, early school-based prevention programs are the most effective way to prevent youth gang involvement, which they do by giving teens meaningful activities that offer pathways to achievement and success."

5. Keep your thesis statement flexible and revise it as needed. In the process of researching and writing, you may find new information or refine your understanding of the topic.

You can view this short video for more tips on how to write a clear thesis statement.

An outline is the skeleton of your essay, in which you list the arguments and subtopics in a logical order. A good outline is an important element in writing a good paper. An outline helps to target your research areas, keep you within the scope without going off-track, and it can also help to keep your argument in good order when writing the essay.  Once your outline is in good shape, it is much easier to write your paper; you've already done most of the thinking, so you just need to fill in the outline with a paragraph for each point.

To write an outline: The most common way to write an outline is the list format.  List all the major topics and subtopics with the key points that support them. Put similar topics and points together and arrange them in a logical order.    Include an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. 

A list outline should arrange the main points or arguments in a hierarchical structure indicated by Roman numerals for main ideas (I, II, III...), capital letters for subtopics (A, B, C...), Arabic numerals for details (1,2,3...), and lower-case letters for fine details if needed (a,b,c...). This helps keep things organized.  

Here is a shortened example of an outline:

Introduction: background and thesis statement

I. First topic

1. Supporting evidence 2. Supporting evidence

II. Second Topic

III. Third Topic

I. Summarize the main points of your paper II. Restate your thesis in different words III. Make a strong final statement

You can see examples of a few different kinds of outlines and get more help at the Purdue OWL .

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How to Write a Thesis Statement for a Research Paper

4-minute read

• 26th July 2023

A strong thesis statement is the foundation of a successful research paper . The thesis gives focus to your ideas, engages readers, and sets the tone for the rest of the paper. You’ve spent substantial time and effort to craft a well-written and effective study , so you want your thesis statement to accurately reflect the impact of your work.

However, writing a thesis is often easier said than done. So if you’ve already got the arguments, the data, and the conclusions, keep scrolling for our straightforward guide on how to write a thesis statement for a research paper.

What Is a Thesis Statement?

A thesis statement is a clear and succinct assertion that presents the main argument or central idea of a research paper or other academic work. You usually find the thesis, which serves as a road map for the entire piece of writing, at the end of the introductory paragraph. The thesis also highlights the importance and relevance of the research topic , explaining why it’s worth studying and what impact it may have.

A good thesis statement also invites critical discussion and debate. Although your statement should provide a compelling argument , it should also inspire readers to engage with your ideas and potentially challenge or explore alternative viewpoints.

How to Write a Thesis Statement

Your thesis statement should outline the scope and boundaries of the paper and indicate what aspects of the topic you’ll cover. But now that you know what a good thesis statement entails, where should you start? Check out our series of steps below for help on writing an impactful thesis statement that accurately summarizes your research and arguments.

Understand the Purpose of Your Research

Before you can write a thesis statement, you need to understand the purpose and scope of your research. Pinpoint the specific topic or issue you’ll be exploring and the main objective of your paper. You should also familiarize yourself with the existing literature and research related to your topic because these will help you refine your focus and identify gaps in the existing knowledge that your research can address.

Consider the Impact of Your Research

Your thesis statement should answer the question, What is the relevance? – meaning it should tell the reader what the practical implications of your research are, why the research is significant, and what it adds to the broader academic landscape.

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Make a Concise Claim or Argument

Your statement should be clear, specific, and concise, conveying the main point of your research in one or two sentences. It should present a claim or argument that you’ll go on to support and defend in your paper, so avoid purely factual or self-evident statements. Be precise in your wording and tailor your thesis statement to the scope of your research – don’t introduce a new or unrelated topic that you don’t expressly address in your paper. The thesis statement is meant to indicate what the reader can expect to find in your paper, and you must support the thesis with evidence throughout.

Revise and Refine the Statement

Crafting a strong thesis statement may require multiple attempts, so take the time to revise and edit it until you’re satisfied that it meets your requirements.

Example Thesis Statement

Below is an example of a strong thesis statement that clearly emphasizes the main points of a research topic:

In this example, the thesis statement clearly identifies the main topic (technology’s impact on education) and presents a strong argument about technology’s positive effects. The thesis conveys the essential message of the research concisely in one sentence, leaving no doubt about the position of the author and what they’ll address in the paper.

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