presentation tips for law students

Mastering the Art of Legal Presentations: Essential Tips and Tricks

Table of contents.

Navigating through law school and legal careers, budding attorneys realize that mastering the art of presentation is as crucial as knowing the letter of the law. Whether it's arguing a mock trial, presenting a case in court, or persuading peers during a seminar, effective presentation skills can set you apart in the competitive field of law. This Q&A post delves into some of the most commonly asked questions about law presentations and offers presentation hacks aimed at making you a more compelling legal communicator.

Do Presentation Skills Really Matter for Lawyers?

Absolutely! In the legal profession, presenting ideas and arguments clearly and persuasively is critical to success. The American Bar Association emphasizes the importance of honing presentation skills from law school onwards; being persuasive and articulate is a part of your toolkit as an attorney.

What Are Some Effective Presentation Hacks for Legal Professionals?

Start With a Clear Message : Know the core message of your presentation and keep it concise. A clear thesis helps you stay on track and makes your argument more digestible for your audience.

Understand Your Audience : Gauge the level of understanding your audience has about the topic. Presenting to peers might require a different approach than speaking to a jury or a judge.

Use Storytelling : A legal case is essentially a story with a problem and a resolution. Tapping into the power of storytelling can make your presentation more engaging and memorable.

Practice, Practice, Practice : Rehearse your presentation multiple times. This helps reduce nervousness and ensures you're comfortable with the material.

Seek Feedback : Before your presentation, practice in front of colleagues or mentors and ask for constructive criticism to sharpen your delivery.

How Can I Overcome Public Speaking Anxiety Before a Legal Presentation?

Facing a courtroom or an auditorium can be intimidating, but there are strategies to combat this anxiety. Preparing thoroughly is a start; being familiar with every aspect of your presentation can alleviate fear. Additionally, techniques like deep breathing, visualization, and positive self-talk can be beneficial. Moreover, watching inspiring TED Talks on public speaking can provide valuable insights into overcoming fears and delivering impactful messages.

For those looking for a comprehensive solution to enhance their presentation skills, we suggest exploring various features of presentation-focused tools and platforms. While not a substitute for personal practice, these tools can offer unique insights and aid in your delivery. For instance, the features section on College Tools may provide some interesting avenues to explore.

What Role Does Body Language Play in Legal Presentations?

Your physical presence can be as compelling as the words you speak. A poised stance, eye contact, and intentional gestures can convey confidence and help underscore your points. Posture and movement can non-verbally communicate passion for your subject matter and connect with your audience on a more profound level.

Can Technology Help in Improving my Presentations?

Definitely! Technology and AI-powered tools can assist in fine-tuning your presentations. They can help in organizing content, providing cues, and even analyzing your pace and tone. Embracing technology can also make your presentations more dynamic, engaging audiences with multimedia elements that might not be possible with traditional methods.

How Important Is the Quality of Visual Aids in Legal Presentations?

Visual aids should not distract from the message but rather support it. High-quality, pertinent visuals can reinforce your argument or help to clarify complex concepts. Carefully consider your choice of visuals, whether they're diagrams, timelines, or other graphical elements; they should be professionally rendered and easy to understand.

Becoming an effective legal presenter takes time, practice, and a willingness to learn from each experience. Employing the right presentation hacks , understanding the significance of effective communication , and continuing to build upon public speaking skills will prove invaluable throughout your legal career. Strive for clarity, conciseness, and connection with your audience, and you'll be better equipped to make your case, inside and outside the courtroom.

Conclusion: Strong presentation skills are a foundational element of a successful legal career. This Q&A has addressed critical aspects of delivering compelling legal presentations, offering insights and hacks to help you polish your communication prowess. Remember, the journey to becoming an articulate legal professional is ongoing; continue learning, practicing, and adapting to become the best presenter you can be.

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From Classroom to Courtroom: Top 8 Public Speaking Tips for Law Students

Transitioning from the academic environment of a law school to the high-stakes world of courtrooms, law students often find that effective public speaking is a critical skill.

While mastering legal principles and case laws is essential, the ability to present them convincingly in front of judges, juries, and peers cannot be understated.

Public speaking in the legal field is not just about eloquence; it’s about persuasion, clarity, and the power to influence.

We will explore eight tips that can transform law students into confident and compelling speakers ready to make their mark in the courtroom.

1. Structure Your Speech Clearly

A well-structured speech is the backbone of effective public speaking.

This is something a write my paper website can help you with.

Start with a clear introduction, laying out the primary matters you will discuss.

This roadmap helps your audience follow your arguments.

• Introduction: Briefly introduce your topic and what you intend to cover.
• Main Points : Divide your speech into 2-3 main points for clarity.
• Sub-points: Under each main point, include specific sub-points to elaborate your argument.
• Transitions: Use transitions to move from one point to another smoothly.
• Evidence : Support your points with evidence, such as case laws or statistics.
• Conclusion : Restate your main points.

A powerful conclusion should reinforce your main arguments and leave a lasting impression.

2. Use Persuasive Language

The art of persuasion is at the heart of law and public speaking.

Start by stating your objective clearly: what is it that you wish your audience to comprehend, trust, or act upon?

Use assertive language and avoid qualifiers like “I think” or “maybe.” Instead, assert your points with confidence.

Incorporating storytelling can be a powerful tool.

For example, if you’re discussing a particular law, relate it to a real-life situation or a historical case.

This makes your speech more engaging and helps the audience connect with the material on a more personal level.

3. Understand Your Audience

Knowing who you speak to is pivotal in tailoring your message effectively.

Law students should remember that their listeners might range from seasoned judges to everyday citizens serving as jurors.

To captivate your audience , research its background and adjust your language accordingly.

For instance, while addressing a legal seminar, using technical jargon might be appropriate, but it can be confusing in a jury trial.

Moreover, engaging with your audience’s perspectives can significantly enhance your communication.

Imagine you’re explaining a complex legal concept to a friend who’s not in law school.

This approach can help make your arguments more accessible and relatable, which is often the key to persuasion in a courtroom setting.

4. Master Non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal cues play a massive part in how your speech is received.

Keep steady eye contact to establish a connection with your audience and demonstrate your confidence.

Be mindful of your body language; standing straight, with open gestures, can project authority and openness.

Consider your voice as well.

Varying your pitch and pace keeps the audience engaged and emphasizes critical points.

For instance, slowing down when discussing a complex legal principle can help the audience grasp it better.

5. Practice Active Listening

Active listening is as essential as speaking.

It involves understanding, responding, and remembering the other party’s words.

• Nodding : Nod or give other non-verbal cues to show you’re following along.
• Asking Questions : Ask relevant questions to clarify points or show engagement.
• Paraphrasing: Occasionally paraphrase what’s been said to ensure understanding.
• Avoiding Interruptions : Let others finish their thoughts before responding.
• Open Body Language : Maintain an open and receptive posture.
• Reflecting Emotions : Show empathy and understanding of the speaker’s emotions.

After listening, integrate what you’ve heard into your response.

This shows respect for your audience’s viewpoints and can make your arguments more persuasive.

6. Handle Nervousness Effectively

It’s normal to feel nervous, especially in high-stakes legal environments.

Start by acknowledging your nervousness as a natural response, not a sign of incompetence.

Practicing breathing techniques can be effective in soothing nerves before a speech.

Try deep, slow breaths to reduce tension.

The better you know your material, the more confident you’ll feel.

Mock trials and moot court sessions provide excellent opportunities to practice in a simulated environment, helping to build confidence over time.

7. Embrace Technology and Visual Aids

Incorporating technology and visual aids into your presentations can significantly enhance your public speaking effectiveness.

Tools like PowerPoint, legal software, and even virtual reality simulations can make complex legal concepts more accessible and engaging to your audience.

A well-designed visual aid should complete your speech, not overpower it.

Keep your slides clear, concise, and relevant to your topic, using them to highlight key points or illustrate complex ideas.

This integration of technology reflects modern legal practices and caters to a diverse range of learning styles, making your presentations more impactful.

8. Seek Constructive Feedback

Continuous improvement is vital in honing your public speaking skills.

Following each presentation, it’s beneficial to solicit feedback from colleagues, mentors, or instructors.

Constructive criticism can provide insights into areas you might not have considered.

Feedback is not just about what you did wrong but also what you did right.

Recognizing your strengths helps build confidence, and working on your weaknesses turns them into opportunities for growth.

For instance, if you’re told your arguments are sound but your delivery lacks enthusiasm, focus on bringing more energy into your presentations.

Mastering public speaking as a law student involves a combination of structured preparation, understanding your audience, and continuous self-improvement.

You can turn to the best paper writing service for assistance in organizing and articulating your speech.

Each of these eight tips provides a stepping stone towards becoming a more effective and confident speaker, ready to make your mark in the legal world.

The skills you develop in public speaking are not just for the courtroom or classroom presentations; they are life skills that will enhance your overall communication abilities in various professional settings.

Embrace every opportunity to speak, whether in class, internships, or legal clinics, and use the feedback from these experiences to improve.

Over time, your confidence will grow, allowing you to present your arguments with clarity and conviction, a trait that will serve you well throughout your legal career.

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How to Make Great Presentations

In this post, we will discuss how to utilize PowerPoint and/or Google Slides to create an informational and visually effective presentation that will generate the optimal level of student learning engagement and retention.

Because this is a lengthy post, feel free to navigate to the topics of interest in the table of contents below, as well as be navigated back to the top at the end of each section.

We will touch on the following points:

Table of Contents

Storytelling structure, graphic design, incorporating visuals, multimedia elements, transitions.

• Hotkeys/Shortcuts

When creating a presentation, it is important that the audience is in mind, the presentation is message focused, and that the information is presented in a clean, clear format. Knowing visual design concepts alongside presentational skills available on popular presentation platforms such as PowerPoint and Google Slides are vital to ensure your information is presented clearly.

Creating a memorable and effective lecture is almost like crafting a story. Here are a few key points to keep in mind when considering the storytelling structure of a lecture or lesson.

Put the audience first. Remember that your story is their story, meaning that though this lecture is coming from your knowledge and perspective, the goal is to have your students understand and relate well enough to envision the knowledge as their own. When creating a lecture, make sure to keep your audience in mind.

Have a solid theme and structure. A theme can be as simple as the main subject point of the day’s lecture–however, it is important to have a clear and set theme which each sub-point is constantly reconnected to. The structure can be as simple or as complex as the instructor desires, but it must help build his or her narrative. The more details and complexity included in the lesson, the more important it is to have a clear theme so your students may hear, understand and remember your points.

Hook them early, and add emotion . Though somewhat cliche, it is often helpful to begin a long topic with an engaging anecdote. Individuals are more likely to engage and retain information on topics that they resonate with, so adding an emotional hook with story examples or a brief anecdote may increase your chances of having a more responsive audience. Otherwise, throughout the presentation, attempt to keep only one or two points on each slide, along with visuals that illustrate the message (more details on these topics to come later in this blog post).

Click here to go back to the Table of Contents!

Typography can make or break the presentation. Choosing the right font (proper typeface and proper sizing) is important in determining how efficiently a student can read, decode and process the information presented on the slides. 

In terms of typeface selection, the general lesson is: good fonts are invisible, while bad fonts are noticed right away. For beginner designers, stick to Helvetica, Arial or Proxima Nova.

When considering font size, ensure your text big enough in order to ensure readability on your screen or projector even in the back of the classroom. For titles, 30pt minimum is suggested; for main text, size 18pt minimum is recommended.

Notice the difference between the first and second slides presented below in terms of readability in typeface and font size selection.

Once you get more advanced, you can start to play around with whatever readable and compatible fonts you like. Keep in mind that for screen projection, sans serif type faces are preferable, as serif is mainly used for print. However, sans serif and serif fonts are compatible when wanting to contrast titles and body text.

Notice the visual hierarchy created with these two different fonts and boldness selection. We will go more in depth on hierarchy in the next section.

Text Hierarchy

The amount of text you include on your slides and the way you present them contribute greatly to the way your readers take in your information. Text hierarchy revolves around the perception of importance. You can stress the importance of points in many ways, such as making the font larger, bold, a different color, etc.

When designing slides, make sure to keep in mind good visual hierarchy so you can be confident that the right elements are catching the students’ attentions.

In general, it is better to bullet your points instead of including full, complete sentences on the slide. This will ensure that your students are paying attention to you and your lecture, rather than simply attempting to read the text on the slide.

Notice how in the first slide, complete sentences overwhelm the reader and make it difficult to understand what facts are key pieces of information. In the second presentation slide below, the points are bulleted and the key takeaways are highlighted in a bolder typeface of the same family as well as with color (we will go more in depth on color in the next section).

In this last example, notice how the incorporation of more than one visual aids separates the points by categories, alongside the subheading in a bolder, larger font. The sub-point in the last bulleted statement is in a smaller font, showing that it holds the least amount of importance on this slide.

In a perfect world, we would all have the time to learn the basics of color theory. Though seemingly intuitive, figuring out which colors are compatible is harder than it seems.

The easiest rules to remember are those of complementary colors and analogous colors. Complementary colors are those that are on opposing sides of the color wheel (for instance, Christmas’s green and red, or Pepperdine’s blue and orange). Analogous colors are any four slices on the wheel that are directly connected to one another (such as “yellow” all the way to “red-orange”).

Don’t worry, color theory memorization is not required to create a great presentation. If you would like to experiment with color, Adobe Color allows you to select any color on the color wheel and will automatically provide you with compatible colors based on your selection.

In terms of perception, brighter, more vibrant colors often come across as more playful, while darker colors often feel a little cooler and usually more professional.

Notice how in the slide below, incorporating a complimentary color theme and visual hierarchy makes the slide seems more professional and more engaging.

This slide was created with the help of a free template. Powerpoint and Google Slides both have pre-generated theme templates that are easily accessible. SlideCarnival is a reliable site with more options that may be downloaded for Powerpoint and/or Google Slides.

To breathe life into an ancient cliche, a picture is worth a thousand words. This is even more noteworthy when presenting information to an audience. Though a picture may not give all of the detail needed to grasp a concept, a picture will act as a visual image to aid in the memory and understanding of whatever topic presented, as long as it is related.

Overall, the best visuals are often the ones that are simply designed. If your image is too large, the audience may tend to focus on it and be distracted from the key information.

One of the only times suggested to use a large image, or background picture, is for introductory slides. This image paints a foreshadowing picture of the topic, as well as leaves room for the instructor to provide a preliminary lecture for the upcoming section.

It is often handy to incorporate visual images in presentations, whether that be through pictures, icons or data displays. It is pertinent that the image is directly relevant to the topic discussed on the same slide to aid in consistency and lecture retention.

Visuals should always help illustrate the point. If desired, icons can be the extras that make your presentation fun and visually pleasing. Much like images, icons should always directly relate to the point being presented.

You can download free icons online through reliable sites, such as TheNounProject , FlatIcon , or IconFinder .

Charts, TABLEs and graphs

You can also use visuals to conceptualize big numbers and data.

Timelines, such as the one shown below present data against time in sequential order. This allows you to tell a story chronologically or present data that shows progression over time.

A pie chart or data table as shown, or any other chart/table that best represents your data can be a fantastic visual aid for a presentation. Incorporating visuals that are standard and your audience is likely already familiar with can make your presentation easier to understand.

Multimedia elements can be extremely useful and memorable ways to convey information. If there are certain videos or audio clips that you would like to incorporate into your presentation, it may behoove you to embed them into your slideshow rather than disrupting your flow by exiting out and opening a new window.

Aside from videos and audio clips, you can also incorporate gifs by downloading them off reliable websites, such as Giphy.com , and importing them as if they were ordinary images.

VIDEO INSTRUCTIONS FOR GOOGLE SLIDES

1. On the slide that you would like the place an audio or video clip, select “Insert” at the top left of your menu bar on Google Slides.

2. For this guide, we will select “Video.” A new window will appear with a title of “Insert Video.” From here, you may either search for a video on Youtube, copy and paste a video URL, or import a video from your Google Drive.

3. After choosing your video and embedding method of choice, click “Select” to have your video placed on your side. Feel free to resize and reposition your video to your liking.

4. Notice that a new menu titled “Format options” now appears to your right side. Here, you can adjust the settings of your video, such as whether you would like the video to automatically play once you enter this slide, when the video should start/end, etc.

VIDEO Instructions for Microsoft Powerpoint

1. On the slide that you would like the place an audio or video clip, select “Insert” at the top left of your menu bar on Powerpoint.

2. Navigate to the right side of the toolbar that has now been presented. Here, you will see the options to either import your video or audio of choice.

3. For this guide, you may select “Video” and have the drop-down menu appear. From these two selections, you may either use “Movie Browser” to search your computer for movies (iMove files, Adobe Premiere files, etc.) or “Movie from File” if you would like to import a video saved from your desktop.

Note that, unlike Google Slides, you are not able to search a video on Youtube or simply link a URL. This will mean you need to take a few extra steps for inserting a specific video from online that you desire. You may download the video off Youtube through any reliable Youtube to MP4 converter, such as https://ytmp3.cc/en13/ , or find a free, downloadable source.

Transitions are the potential effect selections you may choose as you move from one slide to the next. It is advised to either choose one (or no) transitions throughout the entirety of the presentations for consistency, or mindfully choose a transition for a specific slide to illustrate a memorable point. This is due to the fact that though continuously changing transitions may be fun and quirky, they have the potential to seriously distract your audience.

transition instructions for google slides

1. If you would like to emphasis a certain slide with a transition, go on the slide you wish to have a transition effect on in Google Slides. Select “Transition” at the top of your menu.

If you would like to set one consistent transition throughout your presentation, you may click on “Transition” as well.

2. From here, a new menu will appear on your right. Under “Slide Transition” you will see that you can select your desired transition, as well as dictate the speed at which the effect will occur by moving the yellow bar.

By selecting the drop-down menu, you will see a list of possible Google Slide transitions. By selecting “Play” , you may preview the effect. The button titled “Apply to all slides” will automatically set this effect to all slides in your presentation.

transition instructions for microsoft powerpoint

1. If you would like to emphasis a certain slide with a transition, go on the slide you wish to have a transition effect on in Powerpoint. Select “Transitions” at the top of your menu.

If you would like to set one consistent transition throughout your presentation, you may click on “Transitions” as well.

2. By selecting the dropdown menu under the transition images, you will see the entirity of your transition effect options.

3. On the right side of your transition options, you will see a variety of transition preferences you may adjust, such as how this transition will occur and for how long.

If you would like to set a general, consistent transition effect across your entire presentation, select “Apply To All” on the far right of the menu.

Animations are movements that can be applied to objects within a slide. Since animations are pretty fun, it’s easy to get carried away. Animations are best used when it relates and enhances the message presented and you want the audience to remember the point you are making.

We will now give you two examples and step-by-step instructions on how to properly incorporate animations in your presentation. Though one set of instructions will be for Google Slides and another for Microsoft Powerpoint, the concepts and procedures remain the same on both interfaces.

animation instructions for google slides

Sometimes, it’s beneficial to not have all of your information presented on the screen at once, so students can focus on one point at a time instead of haphazardly attempting to copy all information provided in their notes. For this example, we will be using the timeline icons slide. Having a point on a timeline appear on-click is a very common way to guide discussion.

1. Go on the presentation and slide in which you would wish to have animations.

2. Highlight the object(s) you would like to be animated. In this case, we are highlighting the text boxes, bar, and circle icon all together to be animated as one cohesive object.

3. With the object(s) still selected, you may release your click and navigate toward “Animate” at the top of Google’s menu bar.

4. Now you will see a “Motion” menu pop-up on the right side. This is where you can adjust the animation settings. Because we mass selected objects, you will see each object and their coinciding default selection. Click the arrow on the left to see a list of animation details.

5. If you click the arrow next to the “Fade In” option, you will see a drop-down menu of all potential animation selections for an object. For our purposes, we will leave it at “Fade In.”

6. If you click the arrow next to the “On Click” option, you will see a drop-down menu of all potential selections for when the object will animate. For our purposes, leave the selection to “On Click” for the first selected object on the top.

7. The right-hand bar in yellow indicates the speed of which these animations will move. For our example, you may leave the animation at it’s default pace.

8. For the latter objects, make sure that the “On Click” selection is set as “(With previous)”. This will ensure that all objects will appear at the same time, instead of staggered.

9. Apply steps 2-8 to the next timeline objects.

10. Now, when you press “Play” or present your slideshow, you will see that the animations will appear on each click.

ANIMATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR microsoft POWERPOINT

3. Next, select “Animations” on the top of your menu.

You can now see all of the default animation selections at your disposal. Since we are trying to represent the fact that “water positively increases nutrient mobility in the body,” the “Rise Up” animation will help illustrate that point.

You will now see a new menu appear on the right of your presentation. This will show all of the objects that you have animations on this particular slide. Notice the tabs titled “Effect Options,” “Timing,” and “Triggers.” This is where you may adjust the details for your animations.

You will also notice your selected objects on the slide having numbers next to them. Since they are grouped as one, all of these objects will have the number “1” next to them, meaning that they will be the first to animate. These numbers will not appear when you present the presentation.

4. Under “Timing,” it is preferential to select “On Click” so your animation will happen on the command of your click.

You can also see the same options appear on the top right of your menu bar.

5. Now, this “Rise Up” animation can be shown through a trial play through of your presentation. On your click, the selected objects should now move themselves up to their establish position.

Hotkeys are keyboard shortcuts. By clicking these letters and/or symbols at once, you may conduct an action in one press that may have taken you several clicks. Though seemingly confusing and hard to memorize at first, after frequent practice, hotkeys are incredibly useful for speeding up the presentation creation process.

KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS for microsoft powerpoint

Below is a list of the most popular hotkeys/shortcuts used for creating Powerpoint presentations. For a complete list, visit Microsoft’s blogpost by clicking here .

KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS FOR MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

Below is a list of the most popular hotkeys/shortcuts used for creating Google Slides presentations. For a complete list, visit Google’s blogpost by clicking here .

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Your First Law School Graded Oral Argument: How to Prepare

Last Updated: Aug 28, 2024

First, come research projects, then memos, and finally you’ll reach the oral argument stage of your law school career. For most, this is a stressful time. It is especially so for those who get anxious about speaking in front of others.

Even if you have a lot of public speaking experience, it’s not uncommon to be nervous. However, you can combat those nerves by taking the time to prepare. Preparation is the single most important component of a great oral argument. Here are some tips to help you gear up for your first graded argument.

Handle the nerves

Even experienced attorneys with decades of experience admit they may feel their heart racing before an oral argument. The “good part” of nerves is that they keep you on your toes. The “bad part” is that they may impact your performance if not managed.

Find a coping mechanism that you can channel to help you quiet your nerves and relax your mind. For some, this will mean using meditation such as silently repeating a mantra. For others, it will be a visualization technique that produces a picture in the mind of how the performance will go and its ultimate success. Others will wear a favorite outfit that helps boost their confidence or have something in their hand to fidget with. Whatever your coping mechanism, find what works best for you to help keep you focused and calm.

Exude confidence

This may be easier said than done but remember that no one is perfect. However, if you deliver your arguments with poise and confidence, it can make a great deal of difference. Channel what you know, stay focused, listen carefully to the questions presented, and give yourself time to think before you answer.

Make a list of questions

Often in class, you’ll make a list of questions you might be asked during an oral argument. If you haven’t done this before, this can be a helpful tool. To make your own list, think of three questions you want to be asked, three questions you assume you will be asked and three questions you think may challenge you. You can then use these questions to practice your oral argument and shore up any weaknesses.

It’s often the anticipation of judges’ interruptions with questions that make the oral argument scenario feel very daunting. Look at this as an invitation for dialogue and something you can plan for. The judges will be prepared with counterarguments and weaknesses in both arguments. They will test your ability to take questions and criticism and pick back up where you left off after answering their inquiry. Having written the brief, you will intimately know the facts, the legal issues, the case law and the argument.

Create an outline

While some students write a full script of what they plan to say during their oral argument, an outline can be just as effective and helpful. Rather than create a flowing presentation of the issues, use an outline to prepare short discussions of the major issues, including bullet points to emphasize your most important arguments and counterarguments.

Bullet information you know is a weakness in your case, as the judges are guaranteed to ask about those fissures. Though you’re intimately familiar with the information, the pressure is on during the simulation in front of your classmates (opposing counsel) and judges. You’ll want to clearly state information as bullets just in case you draw a blank. You also know the weaknesses of your party’s position, so be sure to include those as well. This process of outlining will better prepare you for questions that will jump from topic to topic and make it easier to return to your key points after answering.

Map out an organizational flow that works for you

There are many different methods to use during your oral argument to help you stay organized, and they usually involve some folder system. Some recommend multiple folders, others a single folder system with tabbed materials.

Practice with a couple of systems to see what works best for you. Just keep in mind that multiple folders may distract the judges and yourself on simulation day. Try one folder and input the bulleted information from your outline in a font and text size that you can view from standing if it’s on the podium below you. As a general rule, you should be able to reference (if asked) the facts, history and legal resources that impact your case. Having access to this basic information will greatly improve your presentation if needed.

Practice and present your argument

As the old saying goes, practice makes perfect. Take the time to “moot” your case by practicing it in front of other people. Consider working with a classmate who is familiar with all of the facts and can ask some tough questions. You might also consider working with your opponent or someone in your class who has their position on the issue. Just note that not all schools allow this type of practice, so be sure to check before doing so.

If you are unable to moot your case with a fellow student or friend, consider recording your argument and reviewing it. During your practice period, make note of your posture. If you tend to fidget, this would be the time to adjust as needed for a more poised presentation on simulation day.

Simulation day

This is probably a given, but make sure on simulation day that you arrive on time and dress to impress (think  professional business attire ). Take a deep breath, stay focused, and don’t let the judge’s comments throw you off-course; keep to the hard-hitting points you’ve so diligently practiced.

Even if you are a naturally quiet and introverted law student, you can be an impactful lawyer. The legal profession needs active listeners, deep thinkers, eloquent writers and creative problem-solvers. You’ve got this!

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How to Improve your Public Speaking as a Law Student

I remember in secondary school the first opportunity I had to speak on behalf of my school at an externally organized debate competition.

I had to present my arguments in front of quite a number of teachers and I had been preparing all week, I had even been excused from classes all for the sake of this very competition.

As a result, I devoted myself to making sure my points were exquisite; I practiced with my partner vigorously and I was ready.

The D-Day came, and it was time for me to present my speech to the team. I started quite well and things were going as smoothly as I could ever want.

Then, I started stuttering, slipping up and forgetting the most basic parts of my speech; in short I couldn’t go for that particular competition.

Looking back, I realized that my presentation then was poor because I was ignorant of some very vital points.

Luckily I am no longer so ignorant, and have been able to apply a few important principles to improve my public speaking. If you have been suffering a similar experience, perhaps this article will help you overcome some of your own difficulties with public speaking.

Pre-Speaking Preparation 

First things first, you have to get prepared adequately before you engage in the actual speech process.

You can do this by conducting adequate research (the importance of which cannot be overemphasized), ironing out quirks or idiosyncrasies which the audience might find distracting.

If for instance you are fond of repeating a certain word even when it is not necessary, when the audience gets wind of this, they will be far more interested in observing you make that repetition than listening to what you really do have to say.

You should also seek out resources on public speaking such as books and videos. Some good examples include TED talks and Toastmasters videos . In respect to books, Dale Carnegie’s ‘ The Art of Public Speaking ‘ is also a very useful resource.

Also practice consistently and familiarize yourself with the topic adequately such that you do not need to rely on notes to speak, and you can do so with confidence. It is recommended that you try to record yourself while preparing.

This way, you get to see yourself the way the audience sees you. If you look through the video recording and don’t like what you see, make some modifications and record yourself again.

Do this until you’re satisfied with your presentation.

Public speaking is like an iceberg. The speech itself is what you see, the preparation is the 80 percent submerged underwater. For a TED talk of 15 minutes, speakers prepare for an average of 19 to 20 hours .

That’s how important preparation is.

The actual speaking process becomes substantially easier when the little details are ironed out before the speech itself.

As Dale Carnegie put it: “Only the prepared speaker deserves to be confident.”

The Introduction

Next comes the easy part which is the actual process of speaking. You want to do this by opening with a spectacular introduction.

An impressive introduction is an opportunity to make a good starting impression.

Begin with something that is sure to captivate your audience. A short story, a quote, a pun, or even a clever joke but make sure this is done speedily and closely related to the subject matter.

If properly executed, it would give you an edge in controlling your audience subsequently.

Speaking With Confidence

Now you have made an impression and you have an attentive audience. The question becomes how can you keep their attention?

Well, this is also very simple. This is where confidence comes in.

People want to listen to a confident speaker. It gives an assurance that such an individual knows what he’s talking about.  A nervous speaker on the other hand is usually a turn off and would only gain pity and not attention.

If you are naturally nervous and think yourself incapable of giving a speech confidently, you need to realize it’s not necessarily about having much confidence but being able to convince your audience that you do.

Take note of the following when trying to portray yourself as a confident speaker.

Body Language

Confidence can be reflected by posture as body language is also part of speech presentation. Your body language should not be too rigid or too at ease, stand straight with shoulders back and your eyes directly on the audience.

Eye Contact

Eye contact is also very important. If you’re speaking to an audience of medium size, try to make eye contact with different segments of the audience. You shouldn’t just focus on one person though. Try to make sure you go through as much of the audience as possible.

If it’s a competition where there are judges, then you should make eye contact with all the judges. Try to maintain eye contact for about 30 seconds per person. With eye contact, you will be sure to gain the attention of who it is you’re staring at.

If it’s a large crowd, make eye contact in a scanning manner. Ensure you don’t focus on only one part of the crowd and neglect the others.

Another marker of a confident speaker is calmness, the audience can easily sense a nervous speaker. So ensure you resolve internal conflicts before you speak, you can do this by drawing up an outline of everything you want to address.

This is less than a summary of your speech and it helps you to improvise if you do forget any parts of your speech. This is because you already have an idea of that particular point in your outline.

Also avoid dead-giveaways of tension like stuttering and gap fillers like ‘um’ ér’ ‘’like’ etc. once again a calm disposition should prevent this.

Most of all, a smile and a high voice pitch reflect confidence seamlessly.

Speaking With Factuality

Likewise on the issue of factuality, it is expected that you would have adequately researched before the presentation of your speech as previously discussed. As such, your speech is your opportunity to show off all of your hard work.

So, do not hesitate to draw up facts now and again. And as a matter of fact (pun intended), if you are giving an argumentative speech the only way you can substantiate your claim is by backing that argument up with meaningful and relevant facts.

For instance in speaking at a moot competition, you are expected to use relevant statutes and precedents. This is because mooting is not just regular public speaking but an application of the art of persuasive advocacy. In essence, you should be speaking as a lawyer would in the court with legally-backed claims.

When looking for materials to use for your presentation, do take note of the following:

Law Textbook 

When doing your research for either a moot competition or presentation and you need legal authorities, the best place to start is a good textbook on the subject matter. A good textbook already categorises the information into specific subject areas.

So, if you need legal authorities on that specific area, check the contents of the textbook to locate the specific area and find the authorities you want. You should also pay attention to the footnotes. This is because they contain additional information and additional cases on that subject matter.

Papers and Journal Articles

If you don’t find what you want in the textbook, your next point of call is to find a paper or journal article published on that subject matter. You can easily get this online by using Google Scholar . If you don’t find anything reasonable on Google Scholar, you can do a google search for the subject matter and add “pdf” after it.

For instance, if you’re looking for materials on “independence of the judiciary”, you can do a Google search for “independence of the judiciary pdf”. This would bring up published papers on this subject matter.

Law Report Index 

If you still don’t find what you’re looking for, then your best bet is a law report index. A law report index arranges cases by subject matter in an alphabetical order. Essentially, this means that if you’re looking for cases on “trespass to land”, you can easily find multiple of them in a law report index.

Law report indexes are very simple to use. They might appear daunting at first, but when you use it once, they become very easy to use.

When applying precedents, if the opposing counsel cites a case, you can draw out enough differences between that precedent and the facts  (distinguishing). If you are the one citing the authority, you can draw out enough similarities between it and the fact so that the precedent will be applicable.

Remember that the strength of your authorities such as; the relevance, the applicability and so on, determine the strength of your case.

However there is a real need to be careful and not present more facts than the audience can process at a time. Basically use facts smartly.

Speaking With Clarity

The most resonant speeches have been the most comprehensive, clear, and eloquent; made by the likes of  Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela etc. Martin Luther King’s ‘ I have a dream ‘ speech as simple as it was, continues to be referred to as one of the most poignant speeches ever made.

Why? Simply because of its clarity and eloquence.

It is quite one thing to be vocal about your ideas, and another thing to be eloquent.

In a presentation, the latter will favor you far more, and as such, you have to be able present your ideas with great clarity and eloquence such that your audience can understand and appreciate the message you are trying to convey.

This can be achieved by practice, improved vocabulary and the ability to draw imagery in the minds of your audience through your speech(that is, paint a picture or leave an impression in their minds).

For instance, notice the rich imagery in this part of Martin Luther’s I have a Dream Speech:

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!

One way to achieve this level of eloquence is by reading. The most articulate speakers are usually the most well-read speakers. The reason for this being the ability of books to stretch your mind’s capacity to form images.

Unless Martin Luther King Jr actually visited Georgia and Mississippi, the only way he would know of Georgia’s red hills and Mississippi’s sweltering heat is by reading about it.

Reading also helps improve your vocabulary. However, you must know how and when to use it.

Unnecessarily spouting big words can be irritating and get in the way of actual communication. If your audience fails to comprehend, you have failed to communicate and that would do more harm than good.

Don’t be a Patrick Obahiagbon.

Points of Caution

Similarly, there is a need to be cautious of things that may affect your presentation negatively. An example of this is improper dressing which is actually graded in some more formal competitions.

Noticeable mannerisms and quirks, brashness, unsubstantiated  claims, and mispronunciation of certain words could also count.

All these can be quite detrimental to an excellent presentation so there is a need to work on them and sift them out in practice before the actual speech.

Conclusively, these are just a few of the very important things that can be applied for improved performance.

The most important however is to keep on practicing and effecting changes where need be. Hopefully this article has helped you realize some of those changes to be effected. Good luck!

22 thoughts on “ How to Improve your Public Speaking as a Law Student ”

I learnt a lot from this article .well done!!

Thanks. I’m glad you learnt a lot.

Thi article has helped me a lot, I feel more confident now.

Pls i am a stammerer. I am a person of short words. How can i improve myself

It depends on how chronic it is.

You could check this out: https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-stop-stuttering#outlook

It’s of help, thanks a lots?

I’m happy to have been of help?

The article is of great help to me, thanks alot.

You’re very welcome

Wow thanks…this would be very useful

Very nice article, thank you. Will sure put it into use.

I really appreciated this article thanks so much.

We’re happy to have been of help

This article is beneficial and of great help to me as a law student. But how can one who have stage freight improve

Thanks sir, very beneficial

Thank you very much.this artcle really helped me with my presentation in the class.i’ve been pondering over and over again on how to arrange my presntaionn.but this one helped me and i found solution my problem.

Sir… i wish i could have your whatsapp details

Thank you soooo much. This is really helpful.

Thanks for this piece. Dale Carnegie’s book on public speaking is in my library. I’ll traversed through it’s pages. Public speaking is now flesh and bone to me. ~ Brainbox Comments.

Thank you a whole lot for this information. Public speaking is one of my biggest problems yet I love it. This enlightenment have gone a long way to help me bring them to check. I will definitely put it to practice.

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4 Ways To Deliver Clear And Concise Legal Presentations That Achieve Your Objectives

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The Importance of Career Preparation in 2023

In the legal field, effective communication is key. Whether you are presenting a case in court or delivering a briefing to clients, the ability to provide clear and concise legal presentations is essential.

Legal presentations that are confusing, unorganised or filled with legal jargon can result in miscommunication, loss of credibility, and even loss of the case.

We have compiled four tips for delivering effective legal presentations to avoid these pitfalls and ensure your message is understood. Our tips cover everything from structuring your presentation to using visual aids to engage your audience. By following these tips, you can create compelling and engaging presentations to help you achieve your legal objectives.

Use Stories And Examples

Legal concepts can be complex and challenging to understand, especially for those outside the legal field. Stories and examples are a powerful way to simplify complex legal concepts and make your message more memorable.

You can help your audience understand how legal concepts apply to real-world situations by providing relatable and relevant examples. This can help them better understand your message and remember it long after the presentation is over.

To choose effective examples, it is important to consider your audience’s background and knowledge. Look for examples that they can relate to and understand, such as current events or popular culture references.

You can also use personal anecdotes or case studies to illustrate legal concepts and show how they have been applied in the past. By telling stories , you can make your message more engaging and easier to remember.

However, it is important to ensure that your examples are accurate and relevant to your message. Avoid using examples that are overly complex or unrelated to your topic.

Using stories and examples can be a powerful tool for simplifying complex legal concepts and making your message more memorable. By choosing relevant and relatable examples, you can engage your audience and help them better understand your message.

Practice And Rehearse

Effective legal presentations require practice and rehearsal to deliver a clear and confident message. Without adequate preparation, even the most experienced speakers can falter.

To prepare for a legal presentation, start by understanding your audience and their needs. Determine the key message you want to convey and the supporting points to help you achieve your objectives.

Create a detailed outline of your presentation and practice delivering it out loud. This will help you identify any areas that need improvement, such as confusing or convoluted language.

Use visual aids like slides or handouts to support your message and enhance audience engagement. Practice incorporating these aids seamlessly into your presentation.

Additionally, consider practising in front of a friend or colleague who can provide constructive feedback. This will help you refine your message and delivery before the actual presentation.

Remember, practice makes perfect. By dedicating time and effort to rehearsal, you can deliver a clear, confident legal presentation that achieves your objectives.

Use Effective Delivery Techniques

When delivering a legal presentation, your message can be greatly enhanced by using effective delivery techniques. These techniques include body language, voice modulation, and eye contact.

Body language can convey confidence, authority, and enthusiasm to your audience. Stand up straight, use appropriate gestures, and maintain eye contact to project a positive and engaging image.

Voice modulation can also greatly enhance your message. Varying the tone, pace, and volume of your voice can help to emphasise key points and maintain the interest of your audience.

Additionally, you can incorporate live polls from vevox.com during your presentation to engage your audience and encourage participation. Live polls can also provide valuable feedback and insights into audience preferences and opinions.

Maintaining eye contact with your audience is also crucial to making a connection with them. This can help you to gauge their reactions and adjust your delivery accordingly.

To use these techniques effectively, it is essential to practice them beforehand. Rehearsing your presentation in front of a mirror or with a friend can help you identify improvement areas and build your confidence.

Remember to be natural and authentic in your delivery, and use these techniques to support and enhance your message, not to distract from it.

Address Potential Questions And Concerns

Anticipating questions and concerns helps you prepare for any potential challenges during your presentation. It demonstrates your expertise and shows that you understand your audience’s needs . Here are some tips for handling difficult questions and concerns:

• Listen Carefully: Pay close attention to the question or concern and avoid interrupting or dismissing the audience member.
• Acknowledge And Clarify: Repeat the question or concern to ensure you understand it and demonstrate that you are taking it seriously.
• Provide An Answer: Answer the question or address the concern to the best of your ability, using relevant examples or data.
• Stay Calm And Professional: Maintain a professional demeanour and avoid becoming defensive or argumentative.
• Follow Up: If you do not know the answer to a question, commit to following up with the audience member later.
• Be Honest: If you make a mistake, admit it and correct it as soon as possible.

By anticipating and addressing potential questions and concerns, you can build trust and credibility with your audience, making your presentation more effective and memorable.

Camilla Uppal

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Public Speaking Tips for Law Students and Lawyers

Here, we have some public speaking tips for law students and lawyers. Law students and lawyers are frequently expected to speak in public. It is a skill that law students are forced to develop early on in law school – whether they want to or not.

Law students are “called on” in class and are required to answer questions about the cases they are assigned to read. They are usually expected to present arguments or motions during their 1L year to professors or judges. Many law students also participate in moot court where they have to argue publicly even more. Thus, throughout law school, law students will be expected to speak in front of their classmates, their professors, and – many times – even real judges.

Many lawyers continue to hone the skill of public speaking throughout their careers.   Litigators frequently have motions to argue and depositions to take. Some give presentations about hot topics in their field of law. Others become law professors, judges, or politicians – all who frequently interact with and speak to the public. 

Many people fear public speaking. They get nervous before they have to speak and usually try to avoid it if possible. What are some tips on becoming a better public speaker? We constantly speak in front of groups — ranging from five people to hundreds of people. We speak in front of students, law school faculty, and firms. We frequently work on becoming the best public speakers we can!

Here are some public speaking tips we have found useful. They are by no means a comprehensive guide on how to structure a speech or how to speak. They are just some tips that have helped us.  Some are more appropriate for traditional speeches (arguments and motions); others are more appropriate for spontaneous speeches (being called on in class or questioned by a judge).

Basic Public Speaking Tips for Law Students and Lawyers: 

• Our number one tip if you are giving a speech you can prepare for ahead of time? Practice, practice, practice. Practice in the morning when you get up. Practice when you drive. Practice while you’re getting ready for the day. Practice out loud. Practice in your head. Practice until you are absolutely sick of it. Before a big motion or speech, I will practice it twice a day the week before the event.
• Pay attention to fillers – “um,” “like,” “you know,” etc.  Consciously try to replace them with silence.
• Give your audience some idea of how your speech is organized. If you are going to make three arguments, say it right in the beginning then number them throughout the speech. This helps the audience have an idea of where you are in your speech. Reiterate your major points in your conclusion.
• Does your dad, spouse, or friend owe you a favor? Have them watch your speech and give you feedback. They can be a source of invaluable information and point out good and bad things that have managed to escape your radar. Positive feedback will also help to boost your confidence prior to giving a speech.
• Videotape yourself. I used to hate this tip and would adamantly not do it. However, recently I started videotaping myself frequently for the law school preparatory course I teach online. I noticed that in the beginning I would use fillers (“okay” and “you know”) and shrug a lot. This made me look as though I really wasn’t that confident in what I was saying. I would have never noticed that I was doing this until I started taping myself. It is a painful but necessary part of the process!
• Visualize success. Visualization is a powerful, often overlooked tool. If you visualize yourself doing well (and prepare well, of course) it can very easily become a self-fulfilling prophecy. (Note: the opposite can happen if you constantly visualize yourself failing or forgetting what you wanted to say – be sure to counter any negative visualizations with positive ones!)
• Watch this Ted talk about body language by Amy Cuddy . It is not directly related to public speaking but it shows how body language can make you more confident. I have used the information I learned in the talk to improve my own speaking skills. If you are interested in this concept of body language making you look and feel more powerful/confident, I recommend look up information on power poses and how you can use those to your advantage.

Tips for Improving your Speech Even More:

• Pay close attention to how you open your speech. Audience members pay the most attention – and decide if they are going to listen to what you have to say – in the first ten seconds of your speech. A good introduction is crucial. Start with a question, a story, or something attention-grabbing.
• Speak conversationally and clearly to your audience.  Don’t use legalese when possible – You’ll be sure to lose your audience quickly if you do.
• Get used to making eye contact with the audience rather than staring at your notes or off into the distance. This helps people to engage with you and pay attention to what you are saying.
• Slow down. Many speakers rush through their speeches and speak really fast. If you notice yourself doing this, slow down.
• Make use of silence,  pauses, and volume. A pause at just the right moment can help get a message across and call attention to what you are saying. Don’t be afraid to raise your voice a little bit in some instances and speak quieter to draw attention to what you are saying in other instances. It helps to practice this ahead of time and even include pauses and volume indicators in your speech notes so you remember to do so.
• Use humor if it’s your style. Ask questions that force listeners to truly consider what you are saying. Use stories. Try to make whatever you are saying enjoyable to the listener. People tend to remember personal stories much more than they remember facts or data.
• For more traditional speeches (rather than arguments): Identify with your audience. What do you have in common with them? How can you relate to them? Have you been in their position before? Explicitly state it. Also, state why you are qualified to speak. Did you start a fantastic business? Are you an expert on the subject you are talking about. Have you been researching the topic you’re talking about for years? Say it.

Tips to Remember the Day of Your Speech:

• Look your best the day of your speech. It will help boost your confidence.
• Get to the room early. Getting to the room five or ten minutes before everyone else arrives can help relieve any anxiety that has built up to that point. Some people find it very helpful to visit the room a few days before their speech as well.
• If you get nervous, it is helpful to remember these things: First, remember that most people want you to succeed and do well. If the speaker is nervous, generally the audience is sympathetic and tries to be encouraging. So if you are nervous – even if it shows –that’s okay! Second, remember that people are there to hear your message. Focus on your message rather than focusing on yourself. After all, the audience is not there to judge your public speaking skills; they are there to hear what you have to say. This should help to relieve some anxiety.
• Start with the same amount of energy that the people in the room have. If everyone is groggy, it is probably not a good idea to start off with a peppy overly-enthusiastic introduction or you risk isolating yourself from the audience. Instead, start with the same energy that everyone in the room has, and gradually change it to make it more peppy/enthusiastic if that is your goal.
• Don’t pay attention to people who are not engaged. Every time I give a speech I see someone texting, on facebook, or staring off into the distance. It is always discouraging and it almost always throws me off track. But I started to make mental notes not to look at anybody who is not engaged and instead pay attention to the people who are nodding or who look more interested and engaged.

These are a compilation of tips that have helped me. If you have any public speaking tips for law students or lawyers of your own, please feel free to share in the comments section below. We would love to hear from you.

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Legal Skills (9th edn)

• Acknowledgements
• Getting the most out of Legal Skills
• New to this Edition
• Introduction
• 1. Getting started
• 2. Legislation
• 3. Finding legislation
• 4. Using legislation
• 5. Case law
• 6. Finding cases
• 7. Using cases
• 8. Books, journals, and official publications
• 9. Finding books, journals, and official publications
• 10. Study skills
• 11. Writing skills
• 12. Legal reasoning and ethics
• 13. Referencing and avoiding plagiarism
• 14. Essay writing
• 15. Answering problem questions
• 16. Revision and examination skills
• 17. Dissertations
• 18. Presentation skills
• 19. Mooting skills
• 20. Negotiation skills
• 21. Drafting skills

p. 430 p. 431 18. Presentation skills

• Emily Finch
• , and Stefan Fafinski
• https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192873088.003.0018
• Published in print: 14 July 2023
• Published online: August 2023

This chapter draws upon some of the material covered in previous sections of the book that focused upon helping students locate and understand the law to prepare and deliver an effective oral presentation. It starts by outlining some guidelines on preparing a presentation, including selecting an appropriate topic and making decisions about the use of supplementary materials such as handouts or PowerPoint slides. It then considers issues relating to the delivery of the presentation, including matters such as timing, combating nerves, and engaging the interest of the audience.

• presentation preparation
• legal presentation
• oral presentation
• presentation skills
• visual aids
• presentation practice

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Student Spotlights

Tips for law school success.

Harvard Law School faculty and staff share wisdom, tips, and tricks for making the most of your time in law school

Do the readings. Take notes. Participate in class. Most of the advice about success in law school tends toward the obvious. Who didn’t already know that studying for an exam was crucial?

As many Harvard Law School students prepare to set foot on campus for the very first time, we asked faculty and staff to share what they wished they’d known about doing well and staying well in law school — useful whether you’re a first-year student just beginning your journey, an LL.M., S.J.D., or a 3L preparing to make your mark on the world.

Susannah Barton Tobin ’04, Ezra Ripley Thayer Senior Lecturer on Law : “I would remind new students that eating, sleeping, and exercising are the three essentials to maintaining a balanced and happy existence, law school or no law school, so try for at least two of the three each day!”

Kenneth W. Mack ’91 , Lawrence D. Biele Professor of Law : “Among the rich resources of your law school experience, probably the most important are your classmates. They will be steadying influences during your first year, and study partners. Many of them will become your friends for life. They are extraordinary people, as are you. Get to know them. Your relationships with them are among the most important aspects of your time in law school.”

Eloise Lawrence , assistant clinical professor of law and deputy faculty director, Harvard Legal Aid Bureau : “Try not to forget what brought you to law school. You will face a number of prevailing winds that may throw you off course, but keep redirecting yourself back to the values and goals that motivated you to set out on this journey. Hopefully, you will discover opportunities that you didn’t even know existed to achieve your goals, but be wary of the things you supposedly ‘have to do’ or ‘everyone is doing.’ Instead, let your lived experience and core values guide you.”

Sheryl Dickey , assistant director for professional development, compliance, and LL.M. engagement: “Your legal career is long, with many twists and turns, and you can put your legal training to work in a wide variety of ways. I have worked in big law, taught as a law school clinical instructor, and now work in higher education administration. It is so important to remember there is no one single path to success! An additional word of wisdom: Find people at HLS who make you laugh, challenge you, inspire you, and make you happy. The friends you make through your study groups, classes, student practice organizations, clinics, student associations, sports, moot court teams, or student government are the backbone of your HLS experience.”

Ruth L. Okediji LL.M. ’91, S.J.D. ’96 , Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor of Law : “Time goes by very quickly, and it’s important to cherish the opportunity to build new relationships without abandoning the old ones. Law school has a way of pressuring time, and often what gets lost are the people or the loved ones that have been significant in our lives up until then. While three years will go by really quickly for you while you’re in law school, it can go by very slowly for those outside of that bubble. You may think you can pick those relationships up where you left off, but often people feel left behind and abandoned because we get so immersed in our legal study. Cherish this time and make new relationships, but don’t abandon the ones that have been so critical to your life thus far.”

Jill Crockett , associate director of clinical programs, Harvard Law School : “Join an SPO [student practice organization] — it makes the law school so much less big and overwhelming. There are a lot to choose from.”

Cindy Zapata , lecturer on law : “With everything going on in law school, do your best to not forget why you came to law school in the first place. Always remember that you belong here and you’re here for a reason.”

Richard Lazarus ’79 , Charles Stebbins Fairchild Professor of Law : “I wish I had known before I started law school how many close, life-long friendships I would forge at HLS. If I had, I might have been even more ambitious in discovering my classmates, especially those with very different life experiences than my own.”

Rachel A. Viscomi , clinical professor of law and director, Harvard Negotiation and Mediation Clinic : “Law school is there to serve you; not the other way around. Try to remember why you came to law school and be intentional about how you make use of your time. Also, ‘Keep your eyes on your own mat.’ I had a yoga teacher many years ago who used this phrase to remind everyone not to focus on comparing your own practice and experience to others. In any given moment, we can get caught up in measuring our own performance against others and assessing whether someone else is more or less flexible, balanced, or focused than we are. The law school equivalent might be to imagine that everyone is smarter, more experienced, or more prepared than we are. That’s often an illusion and always a distraction from our development. We each have different strengths and challenges. The more we lean into who we are, on our own terms, and work on making progress from our own starting point, the easier it is to move forward.”

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Legal Presentation Skills Guide

Presentation skills are core life skills, but they are doubly important if you wish to practise as a lawyer. You will use presentation skills in a variety of different ways, including:

• to persuade
• to get a message across

Within a professional context:

• in an interview
• in a lecture room
• in a meeting or conference

About this resource

This resource will help you develop effective presentation skills in a legal context.

Work through the material and exercises and you should be able to:

• develop appropriate learning strategies to enhance your presentation skills
• learn and apply the three key rules of presenting
• use presentation skills effectively in advocacy and questioning

Module Contents

Learning presentation skills.

• Not just words
• Preparation, preparation, preparation

The rule of three

Presentation skills in a legal context, questioning, top 10 tips.

Unfortunately sitting there listening to a lecturer all day will not render you competent at presentation. Like most other skills, presentation skills are acquired through practice, and practice is most productive if accompanied by good preparation and followed by honest evaluation and feedback.

Try it yourself! Get together with one or more other students and try this:

• Without letting anyone else see, one of you sketches a picture of a scene, for example, a road traffic accident or a crime taking place. (Time allotted: 5 minutes).
• Now, the sketcher helps someone else to recreate the same scene, including as much detail as possible without showing them the original sketch. This requires good descriptive and presenting skills. (Time allotted: 10 minutes).
• Compare the finished sketches.
• Repeat the exercise with someone else sketching a different picture. This time, you may share the original sketch while the second person tries to recreate it.
• Discuss how the results differ. What have you learnt about effective presentation?

There are three essential rules about presentation:

• Words are not the only tool

Words are not the only (or even the best) tool

Research shows that when presented with information, we take in 55% of it from visuals, 38% from spoken words and 7% from printed words. So, just like the old adage, “a picture paints a thousand words”, try to use visual aids whenever possible. This is why lawyers use exhibits in documents and in court to help them prove points.

Been to a play where the actors had forgotten their lines? What was your immediate impression? That's why preparation is so important.

Some of the most memorable speeches in history have been the best prepared ones. Winston Churchill spent six weeks preparing, refining and rehearsing his maiden speech to the House of Commons in 1901, and then wowed his fellow MPs with a prefect memorised delivery on the day.

Good preparation involves:

• knowing the contents of your presentation
• having a well laid out plan
• refining and rehearsing the presentation before the real event.

People cannot remember too much information at any one time. Most of your audience will only remember three key things from your presentation, so plan for what these will be.

• Julius Caesar's “Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears…”
• “Location, location, location” when buying property
• Churchill's “I can promise you blood, sweat, toil and tears” (usually quoted as the “Blood, Sweat & Tears” speech).

Top tip: Remember, the rule of three when it comes to presentations is:

• The rule of three.

Try it yourself! Think of a presentation you will need to make in the near future. Prepare for that presentation using the rule of three.

Essentially an advocate's task is one of presenting, as they need to:

• be heard (engage and maintain the audience's interest)
• get the message across (select the right contents and emphasis)
• persuade the audience to accept the view advocated.

Aristotle identified three elements of persuasion:

• Ethos: the speaker has to convince the audience that he or she is credible, trustworthy, genuine and believable.
• Pathos: the speech must appeal to the emotions, so that the audience is psychologically inclined to accept the arguments.
• Logos: the arguments must be reasoned, and supported by law and fact.

Advocates must consider these key points when presenting:

Addressing the audience

Body language.

Whether your audience is a judge, a jury, a group of lay magistrates or the Lords of Appeal, you always need to be clear and convincing. Consider who your audience is and tailor your presentation to make sure they will follow all your nuances and inferences.

Make sure you have prepared well, and have a structured and organised argument. Use notes and mind maps as prompts if you need them but remember that you will lose voice projection and eye contact if you are read from a speech. Presenting is not a test of fluency of reading. You should conduct yourself as an advocate, not a newsreader.

Everybody presents in a slightly different way and should find a personal style you are comfortable with. Try to be honest, sincere and authoritative (though you do not always need to be right). Try not to be pompous or arrogant. Ultimately, be yourself, an accomplished advocate, rather than an automaton.

Cultivate the art of fine speaking and the power of persuasion. Make sure you use appropriate and simple language (complex language can obscure the message) and keep your role and audience in mind. Where appropriate, use active language rather than passive phrases and make use of questions, emotion and repetition. Consider the pace of your presentation and include pauses for effect if required.

Be sure to consider your appearance, posture and performance when you are presenting. Different stances can communicate confidence or make you look like a bag of nerves. Think about how you interact with other people in the presentation, and the signals your appearance and behaviour may be sending.

Try it yourself! In no more than five minutes, try and persuade a friend to do something which they have never done before. How easy did you find that? What tactics worked well?

Questioning is the process by which the advocate elicits evidence from witnesses. It is used in two main situations:

• examination-in-chief: from own witnesses
• cross-examination: witnesses from the opposing party
• Keep your questions simple, even if the witnesses are familiar with the facts. This is especially relevant if there is a jury. Try to avoid the use of open questions unless you are questioning your own witness or an expert witness and you know they are reliable. You should be careful to avoid prejudicial effects or digression.
• Leading questions are forbidden in examination-in-chief, unless the advocates agree that the points are not contentious e.g. a name. This is to avoid bias, the suppression of other evidence or the chance of hearing something not delivered in the witness' own words. In cross-examination, however, nearly all questions are leading questions.
• Avoid using a rigid list of questions, though you should have a structured plan, and make sure you listen to the answers while you consider your next question.
• The most important rule is not to ask a question of which you do not know the answer!

Examination-in-chief

Examination-in-chief questions are now commonly written. If you pose them in court, make sure they are not too lengthy. You should structure your witnesses and their testimonies clearly. A chronological approach is the norm, though you can sometimes structure by topic.

Top tip: Examination-in-chief questions are the ‘W’ questions, where, what, who, when, why?

Remember that your witness will be cross-examined by the opposing counsel when you have finished your examination-in-chief and the judge may also question them.

Cross examination

Cross examination aims to test the vigour of opposing witnesses and obtain fresh evidence that is favourable to you. You should take an organised approach, without being too rigid and consider whether to structure your questions by topic or the chronological events.

Cross examination gives you an opportunity to attack the credibility of witnesses, both in general and related to specific issues. You should consider whether you wish to confront the witness at the start of your questioning, or lead them through a train of questions. However, if you discredit the witness in general you should be careful not to destroy your case.

Try to keep your questioning brief and finish on a conclusive point.

Top 10 tips for presentation success:

• Make sure you have prepared well , and have developed a clear, structured and organised argument.
• Consider who your audience is and tailor your presentation to their needs.
• Focus on three key messages that you want your audience to understand and remember.
• Don't try to be somebody else. Find a personal presenting style you are comfortable with.
• If you must use notes, do not read your presentation directly from them.
• Use images, charts, physical signals and pauses to help get your message across. Not just words.
• In examination-in-chief , focus on the ‘W’ questions, where, what, who, when, why?
• When cross-examining , develop a structured plan but avoid using a rigid list of questions.
• Make sure you listen to the answers while you consider your next question.
• Don't ask a question unless you know the answer.

Adding power to courtroom presentations http://www.trialtheater.com/wordpress/2008/courtroom-presentation-skills

Advocacy video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nhyFQ6S0VM

Draw a logic tree http://www.strategiccomm.com/logictree.html

Giving effective class presentations video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gXE19sh1r8

Killer presentation skills video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whTwjG4ZIJg

Oral presentation learning module http://www.jcu.edu.au/office/tld/learningskills/oral/

Positive and negative body language http://www.it-sudparis.eu/lsh/ressources/ops8.php

Public Speaking learning modules http://wps.ablongman.com/ab_public_speaking_2/

Speech Tips http://www.speechtips.com/

The Law Explored: The art of cross-examination http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/columnists/gary_slapper/article1960702.ece

The 10 Habits of Highly Successful Law Students

At Cooley Law School, we’ve spent years paying close attention to the consistent habits shared by our most successful students, and we’ve compiled them here to help nourish the success of our future legal scholars.

These are the top ten habits we’ve identified in successful law students, with some key tips included to help manage the often overwhelming workload of legal education.

1. Plan your work

…and work your plan! This age-old adage really holds value when you’re suddenly surrounded by assignment due dates, practical exams, and a growing pile of sticky note reminders. It may seem obvious, but too many students fall behind due to a simple lack of organizational skills. Don’t let it happen to you. Invest in a traditional planner, virtual assistant, or digital scheduling platform – whatever will best help you practice good time management, organize your assignments, and track your goals.

Keep both short-term and long-term commitments and goals in mind so your planning becomes a roadmap guiding you towards your overall success. That means doing more than jotting down class times; make it a habit to plan time for studying, externships, and extracurricular commitments so everything is accounted for.

2. Get ahead in the reading

Part of your job as a law student is self -education. That means going above and beyond the reading assignments; you need to do the reading (at least two, or three times) and attempt to teach yourself how you would apply what you learned in real-world situations before you study it in class. Reading ahead helps to enforce your overall knowledge.

Here’s another great reason: when you get ahead in the reading, you can better avoid falling behind. One bout of flu or unexpected bump in the road can snowball into feeling lost the rest of the term. Eliminate the potential for falling behind and reduce potential unnecessary stress by maintaining a solid understanding one step ahead of schedule.

3. Create Their Own Outlines

Let’s say it again: great law students teach themselves the law. Creating outlines is crucial in fully understanding the huge amount of content coming your way. Manipulating and organizing the material on your own is a great way to identify what you know – and what areas might need more practice or study. Relying on a bar-prep book or, worse, another student’s old outline, might save you time in the short run but certainly won’t help you fully digest important information.

(Distinguished Professor Emeritus Otto Stockmeyer shares his thoughts about using copied notes and Canned Briefs along with offering these Law School Tips .)

4. Memorize Material Weekly

Don’t make the mistake of assuming your undergrad study habits will cut it in law school. Comprehending a large amount of material covered in a short amount of time is a whole different ball game. Prioritize learning and memorizing material every single week as a foundational practice for your entire legal education. You’ll be much more successful on exams if you regularly memorize lessons in small increments rather than trying to cram at the last minute. You’ll also do better at recalling the knowledge when it’s time to apply it in legal debates and real-world situations. Applying what you’ve learned is a critical difference between success in law school and success in just about any other field you’ve studied. Bottom line: if you’ve thoroughly studied the law over time, you’ll be much more prepared to pass your law school exams and that pesky little test known as the Bar.

5. Go to Class

This may seem obvious, but as the saying goes, “80% of success is just showing up.” That’s true for the general public, but now you have to take it a step further if you want to venture into the realm of highly successful law students. Avoid absences. Show up, participate, and be an engaged scholar. If you find yourself tuning out the material, it’s highly likely you didn’t properly prepare before class; when you’ve done the reading, memorized the key lessons, and put thought into how you might apply what you learned, you’re much more likely to stay engaged during class. Again, a big part of law school is about self -education; doing the pre-work should better help you focus and engage in class. Take the time and make little changes (more planned study time? A different study group?) when necessary to help you be fully present with your peers and professors.

6. Ask Questions

Your professors have an impressive collective knowledge base; if you don’t engage with them to take advantage of that knowledge, you’re missing out. Chances are, if you have a question so does at least one of your peers, so raise your hand and start a discussion. If you are a little timid or have a question that’s off-topic for that lesson, plan time to visit your professor during office hours.

Bottom line: Remember to lean on your academic-support team, from professors to peers, to mentors and more, for skills-related questions, and always be open to seeking advice about law school and your long-term career path.

7. Practice, Practice, Practice

One Cooley Law School dean often tells students that “Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Performance.” It’s a mouthful, but it’s an important message. Preparation, in law school terms, largely comes down to practice. Studying and obtaining knowledge is one thing; learning how to best apply that knowledge takes a good amount of practice. Practice taking exams, writing persuasive arguments, even debating relevant topics; prepare yourself with focused questions that help you fully absorb the knowledge. You’ll get more comfortable more quickly and it’s a habit that will benefit you both in law school and when you embark on a legal career. Wondering where to start? Give your academic-support team a call for great advice on preparation best practices.

8. Take Advantage of Free Resources

Cooley Law School has several departments with programs geared to support you at all stages of your legal career. If you’re not taking advantage of them, you’re missing out. Make it a habit to familiarize yourself with the many ways you can benefit from those free resources so you’re comfortable seeking help when you need it. Your Enrollment and Student Services Coordinator will help you plan your academic path until the day you’re ready for The Career and Professional Development Office to provide résumé-writing assistance. In between those milestones you can hone your skills with seminars, mock exams, bar-prep programs, networking events, and more. Cooley offers a solid foundation for student success, so make it a habit to seek out and utilize all the free resources you can to round out your legal education.

9. Maintain a healthy perspective

Your first term as a law student can come with a strong dose of fear – and that’s okay. You’re doing something brand new while taking a big step toward your career goals. Make it a habit to transform your fear into motivation, and be patient as you learn, grow, and develop your skills.

As Les Brown said, “Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss, you'll land among the stars.” Aim high and commit to giving your best efforts, but don’t be too hard on yourself if you struggle at times. Studying law is complex and sometimes tedious, so centering your focus is key. Remind yourself that the journey will be worth it in the end.

10. Find Balance

Think of your time in law school like a marathon; if you treat it like a sprint, you’ll be out of the race pretty quickly. Finding a balance between the high demands of law school and the rest of your life can feel daunting, but it’s critical to staying healthy and engaged – and avoiding burnout. Successful students make it a habit to practice self-care. Plan the time to connect with friends and family, maintain healthy habits (physically and mentally), and continue feeding your soul with the things you love. Law school is just one piece of a full life, and if you let the rest of your life suffer, law school will feel like a punishment rather than the exciting journey towards the career you envisioned.

Final Thought

Successful law students are driven, passionate, and uniquely geared towards hard work, though they tend to reach even further heights of success by utilizing tips to work smarter, not just harder. Adopting some or all of the habits above can greatly help you in your legal studies and into your career path beyond.

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• Practical Law

Presentation skills: the basics

Practical law uk practice note w-020-4042  (approx. 7 pages).

• Presenting your department's strategic plan to the organisation's board.
• Addressing shareholders at your organisation's AGM.
• Explaining to the organisation what the legal function does and how it contributes to wider business goals.
• Addressing the media, possibly in response to a crisis.
• Speaking at industry conferences, either as a speaker or chair of a panel.

Effective ways to prepare for a presentation

Research your audience.

• What aspect of your subject area are the audience most interested in?
• How well informed about the subject are the audience?
• Are the audience interested in the subject from a particular perspective (for example, from a finance, legal, marketing or other viewpoint)?

What are the key takeaways

Plan your presentation.

• Tell them what you are going to tell them. Introduce your big idea at the outset and explain that your presentation will enlarge on that theme.
• Tell them. This is the main body of your presentation.
• Tell them what you have told them. When you reach the end of the main body, summarise by repeating your core theme, this time with the supporting points in short, bullet point style.

Chairing a panel

Organise a preparation call.

• Are going to be relevant on content.
• Stick to the panel topic.
• Have considered what they are going to say.
• Do not overlap on content.
• Have enough (but not too much) to say in the time allotted to them.

Starting the session

Moderating the discussion.

"Alex, that's a really interesting point; and one I've struggled with. Cameron, what's your view on this?"

"That sounds great, Evan. So, if I've understood correctly, in a nutshell…"

Q&A session

• Communicate and train
• Managing ethics and culture

This resource is continually monitored and revised for any necessary changes due to legal, market, or practice developments. Any significant developments affecting this resource will be described below.

Mastering the Art of Legal Argumentation: A Guide for Law Students

This comprehensive guide is a must-read for law students looking to improve their legal argumentation skills.

Posted January 2, 2024

Law School Applications: Ask Me Anything

Starting tuesday, september 24.

10:00 PM UTC · 30 minutes

Table of Contents

Legal argumentation is an essential skill for any law student or practicing lawyer. It involves the art of persuading an audience, whether it’s a judge, a jury, or other legal professionals, to adopt a particular viewpoint or conclusion. In this article, we’ll explore all aspects of legal argumentation, from understanding why it’s important to crafting a strong legal argument and using technology to enhance your skills.

Understanding the Importance of Legal Argumentation in Law School

Law students are often required to write briefs, oral arguments, and appellate court opinions as part of their coursework. These tasks require them to understand the intricacies of legal argumentation. Legal argumentation is essential for law students to develop critical thinking skills and articulate their ideas effectively. They need to analyze legal issues, gather evidence, structure their arguments, and persuade their audience to adopt their positions. Without legal argumentation skills, law students will struggle to excel in their coursework or their legal careers.

Moreover, legal argumentation is not only important for academic success but also for practical application in the legal profession. Lawyers must be able to present their arguments persuasively in court, negotiate effectively with opposing counsel, and draft legal documents that are clear and concise. Legal argumentation skills are also crucial for developing creative solutions to complex legal problems and for advocating for clients' rights and interests. Therefore, law students must prioritize the development of legal argumentation skills throughout their education to succeed in their future legal careers.

Legal argumentation skills are essential not only for law school but also for professional practice. In legal practice, lawyers use their argumentation skills to convince judges, juries, or clients of their position. Students should look for opportunities to apply their legal argumentation skills by taking internships, externships, or participating in legal clinics.

Mastering the art of legal argumentation can help build confidence in law students. By developing their legal argumentation skills, students can face legal challenges with confidence and clarity. They can make more convincing oral arguments, write better briefs, and produce persuasive evidence. This confidence can translate directly into better performance in law school or legal practice.

The Fundamentals of Crafting a Strong Legal Argument

Crafting a strong legal argument requires a thorough understanding of the law, factual analysis, and persuasive writing. Students need to research and identify legal issues, gather relevant facts, and then apply the law to the facts. They should also structure their arguments with clarity and coherence to prevent confusion or ambiguity. Additionally, they need to use persuasive language and evidence to convince their audience to adopt their positions.

Another important aspect of crafting a strong legal argument is anticipating and addressing counterarguments. Students should consider the opposing viewpoints and potential weaknesses in their own arguments. By addressing these counterarguments, they can strengthen their own position and demonstrate a deeper understanding of the issue at hand.

Furthermore, it is essential for students to understand the context in which their argument will be presented. They should consider the audience, the purpose of the argument, and the potential impact of their position. By tailoring their argument to the specific context, students can increase the effectiveness of their argument and achieve their desired outcome.

Analyzing Legal Issues and Gathering Evidence for Your Argument

The analysis of legal issues and gathering evidence from relevant sources is an essential step in legal argumentation. The legal issues provide the foundation for the argument, and the evidence supports the position taken. Law students need to process the legal issues and identify the relevant facts that support their position. They should understand how the court applies the legal principles to the facts and the relevance of previous cases. For example, when applying a precedent or case law, the facts of that case must be similar enough to the case being argued.

Moreover, it is important for law students to consider the counterarguments and potential weaknesses in their argument. This requires a thorough understanding of the opposing side's position and the ability to anticipate their arguments. By doing so, law students can strengthen their own argument and address any potential weaknesses. Additionally, gathering evidence from multiple sources, such as legal journals, case law, and expert opinions, can provide a more comprehensive and persuasive argument. Overall, the analysis of legal issues and gathering of evidence requires careful consideration and attention to detail in order to construct a strong and convincing legal argument.

How to Structure Your Legal Argument: Tips and Techniques

The logical structure of a legal argument is crucial for presenting a clear and compelling case to a judge or jury. Law students should be familiar with the various structures of legal arguments, including deductive, inductive, and syllogistic reasoning. In addition, students must learn how to organize the evidence in a way that supports their conclusion. Effective structuring helps to prevent confusion and avoids illogical gaps or inconsistencies in the argument.

Another important aspect of structuring a legal argument is understanding the audience. Lawyers must tailor their arguments to the specific judge or jury they are presenting to. This means considering the judge or jury's background, beliefs, and values. By understanding the audience, lawyers can present their arguments in a way that resonates with them and increases the likelihood of a favorable outcome.

Finally, it is important to remember that a legal argument is not just about presenting facts and evidence. It is also about telling a story. Lawyers must craft a narrative that connects with the audience and makes them care about the case. This means using persuasive language, creating a compelling plot, and highlighting the emotional stakes of the case. By telling a story, lawyers can make their arguments more memorable and impactful.

The Role of Persuasion in Legal Argumentation

Persuasion is an essential tool for legal argumentation. It is the process of convincing your audience that your position is the correct one. In legal writing, students should aim to use persuasive language, vivid imagery, and rhetorical devices to engage their audience and create a powerful emotional impact. However, law students should be careful not to be overly emotional or manipulative, as this can undermine their credibility.

One effective way to use persuasion in legal argumentation is to anticipate and address counterarguments. By acknowledging and refuting potential objections to your position, you can strengthen your argument and demonstrate your thorough understanding of the issue at hand. Additionally, using real-world examples and analogies can help make complex legal concepts more accessible and relatable to your audience.

It is important to note that persuasion is not the same as manipulation. While persuasion aims to convince an audience through logical and emotional appeals, manipulation involves using deceitful or unethical tactics to achieve a desired outcome. As legal professionals, it is crucial to maintain ethical standards and avoid any actions that could compromise our integrity or the integrity of the legal system.

Developing a Unique Voice in Your Legal Writing

While there is a certain formality to legal writing, law students should not sacrifice their individuality. The best legal arguments are ones that convey the writer's unique perspective on the law and the facts. To do this, students must be aware of their tone, word choice, and syntax, and learn to write with purpose and clarity. By developing their unique voice, students can stand out from the crowd and make intelligent and engaging arguments.

One way to develop a unique voice in legal writing is to read widely and study the writing styles of different legal professionals. This can help students to identify their own strengths and weaknesses, and to develop their own writing style. Additionally, seeking feedback from professors and peers can be helpful in refining one's writing and developing a unique voice.

It is important to note that developing a unique voice does not mean sacrificing clarity or professionalism. Rather, it means finding a way to convey legal arguments in a way that is engaging and memorable. By doing so, students can not only stand out in their writing, but also make a lasting impression on their readers.

Preparing for Oral Arguments: Tips and Strategies

Oral arguments can be intimidating for law students, but they are an essential part of legal argumentation. Preparing for oral arguments involves practicing and memorizing key points, anticipating questions from the opposition, and developing a strategy for presenting the argument persuasively. Students should also use effective techniques like using visual aids, body language, and maintaining eye contact to convey their message effectively.

Rebuttals are an essential part of legal argumentation, especially in oral arguments. Winning an argument often entails the ability to address counterarguments and refute them successfully. Law students need to use effective techniques to identify and respond to potential counterarguments while developing strong responses to undermine the opposition's position.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Legal Argumentation

Legal argumentation is a complex skill, and as such, there are many common mistakes that law students make. These include using fallacious arguments, failing to address counterarguments, lacking a clear thesis statement, and neglecting adequate evidence. By understanding and avoiding these pitfalls, law students can produce better arguments that are persuasive and effective.

Legal argumentation also raises ethical issues, especially when it involves persuading people to accept your position. Law students must be aware of the ethical rules and norms that apply to legal arguments. They must also be careful to avoid misrepresenting facts or engaging in dishonest behavior, which can lead to significant sanctions or worse.

The Importance of Feedback and Continuous Improvement in Legal Argumentation

Feedback and continuous improvement are critical to mastering legal argumentation skills. Law students should seek feedback from their professors, mentors, and peers on their legal writing and arguments. By taking their feedback and continuously improving their work, students can strengthen their skills and produce more persuasive and effective arguments.

Technology provides many opportunities for law students to improve their legal argumentation skills. Students can use online resources such as legal aid websites, legal research tools, and databases to enrich their legal writing. They can also use tools such as speech recognition software, mind-mapping software, and collaborative writing platforms to make the argumentation process more comfortable and productive.

Key Takeaways

• Legal argumentation is an essential skill for law students to master.
• Students must understand its importance, the fundamentals of crafting a strong legal argument, and how to use technology and other resources to enhance their skills.
• They should develop a unique voice, check for mistakes, and prepare for oral arguments.
• Students should be aware of the ethical issues and use feedback to improve their skills continually.
• By mastering legal argumentation skills, students can build confidence and succeed in law school and their legal careers.

Want to continue learning real-world skills that are prevalent to the law field? Check out these articles and see your skill set expand today:

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• Top 10 Ways to Prepare for Law School
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Academic Basics for New Law Students

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Professionalism in Law School

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Dos and Don'ts for 1Ls

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Apps for Law School Success

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Home > Blog > Tips for Online Students > Tips for Students > Presentation Tips For Students – Show And Tell Like A Pro!

Tips for Online Students , Tips for Students

Presentation Tips For Students – Show And Tell Like A Pro!

Updated: June 19, 2024

Published: May 4, 2020

Giving a presentation to fellow classmates can be a bit daunting, especially if you are new to oral and visual presenting. But with the right PowerPoint tips, public speaking skills, and plenty of practice, you can present like a pro at your upcoming presentation. Here, we’ve laid out the best college presentation tips for students. And once you have one successful presentation, you’ll get better each time!

The Best Presentation Tips for Students

1. arrive early and be technically prepared.

Get to the room early and make sure you leave plenty of time for technical set up and technical difficulties. Have several backup drives (including an online version if possible) so that you are prepared for anything!

2. Know More

Be educated on more than just what you are sharing. That way, you can add points, speak candidly and confidently, and be prepared to answer any audience or teacher questions.

3. Share Your Passion With Your Audience

Connect with your audience by showing that you are passionate about your topic. Do this with the right tone, eye contact, and enthusiasm in your speech.

Photo by  Austin Distel  on  Unsplash

4. pace yourself.

When student presenters are nervous, they tend to speed up their speech. This can be a problem, however, because your speed may be distracting, hard to understand, and you may run under your time.

5. Rehearse Thoroughly

Don’t just practice, rehearse your college presentation. Rehearse the entire delivery, including standing up, using gestures, and going through the slides.

6. Show Your Personality

You don’t need to be professional to the point of stiffness during your college presentation . Don’t be afraid to show your personality while presenting. It will make your presentation more interesting, and you will seem more approachable and confident.

7. Improvise

You can’t be 100% certain what will happen during your presentation. If things aren’t exactly as you expected, don’t be afraid to improvise and run off script.

8. Pump Yourself Up

Get yourself excited and full of energy before your college presentation! Your mood sets the tone for your presentation, and if you get excited right before, you will likely carry that throughout and you’ll make your audience excited about your topic as well.

9. Remember To Pause

Pausing not only only prevents filler words and helps you recollect your thoughts, it can also be a powerful indicator of importance within your presentation.

10. Create “Um” Alternatives

Try hard not to use filler words as they make you look unprofessional and uncertain. The best alternatives to “um” “like” and “so” are taking a breath or a silent pause to collect your thoughts.

11. Using Your Hands

Using your hands makes your college presentation more interesting and helps to get your points across. Point at the slide, use common hand gestures, or mimic a motion.

12. Eye Contact

Eye contact is one of the most important presentation tips for students . Many students are nervous, so they look at their notes or their feet. It is important that you show your confidence and engage your audience by making eye contact. The more presentations you give, the more eye contact will feel natural.

13. The Right Tone

The best public speakers vary their tone and pitch throughout their presentation. Try to change it up, and choose the right tone for your message.

Preparing an Effective College Presentation

1. open strong.

Grab your fellow students’ attention by starting strong with a powerful quote, intriguing scenario, or prompt for internal dialogue.

2. Start With A Mind Map

Mind mapping is literally creating a map of the contents of your college presentation. It is a visual representation and flow of your topics and can help you see the big picture, along with smaller details.

Photo by  Teemu Paananen  on  Unsplash

3. edit yourself.

Some students make the mistake of including too much information in their college presentations. Instead of putting all of the information in there, choose the most important or relevant points, and elaborate on the spot if you feel it’s necessary.

4. Tell A Story

People love stories — they capture interest in ways that figures and facts cannot. Make your presentation relatable by including a story, or presenting in a story format.

5. The Power Of Humor

Using humor in your college presentation is one of the best presentation tips for students. Laughter will relax both you and the audience, and make your presentation more interesting

PowerPoint Tips for Students

1. use key phrases.

Choose a few key phrases that remain throughout your PowerPoint presentation. These should be phrases that really illustrate your point, and items that your audience will remember afterwards.

2. Limit Number Of Slides

Having too many slides will cause you to feel you need to rush through them to finish on time. Instead, include key points on a slide and take the time to talk about them. Try to think about including one slide per one minute of speech.

3. Plan Slide Layouts

Take some time to plan out how information will be displayed on your PowerPoint. Titles should be at the top, and bullets underneath. You may want to add title slides if you are changing to a new topic.

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4. the right fonts.

Choose an easy-to-read font that isn’t stylized. Sans serif fonts tend to be easier to read when they are large. Try to stick to only two different fonts as well to keep the presentation clean.

5. Choosing Colors And Images

When it comes to colors, use contrasting ones: light on dark or dark on light. Try to choose a few main colors to use throughout the presentation. Choose quality images, and make sure to provide the source for the images.

6. Use Beautiful Visual Aids

Keep your presentation interesting and your audience awake by adding visual aids to your PowerPoint. Add captivating photos, data representations, or infographics to illustrate your information.

7. Don’t Read Straight From Your Notes

When you read straight from your notes, your tone tends to remain monotonous, you don’t leave much room for eye contact. Try looking up often, or memorizing portions of your presentation.

8. Avoid Too Much Text

PowerPoint was made for images and bullets, not for your entire speech to be written in paragraph form. Too much text can lose your adiences’ interest and understanding.

9. Try A Theme

Choosing the right theme is one of those presentation tips for students that is often overlooked. When you find the right theme, you keep your college presentation looking interesting, professional, and relevant.

10. Be Careful With Transitions And Animations

Animations and transitions can add a lot to your presentation, but don’t add to many or it will end up being distracting.

Public Speaking Tips for Students

1. choose your topic wisely.

If you are able to pick your topic, try to pick something that interests you and something that you want to learn about. Your interest will come through your speech.

2. Visit The Room Beforehand

If your presentation is being held somewhere outside of class, try to visit the location beforehand to prep your mind and calm your nerves.

3. Practice Makes Perfect

Practice, practice, practice! The only way you will feel fully confident is by practicing many times, both on your own and in front of others.

Photo by  Product School  on  Unsplash

4. talk to someone about anxiety.

If you feel anxious about your college presentation, tell someone. It could be a friend, family member, your teacher, or a counselor. They will be able to help you with some strategies that will work best for you.

5. Remind Yourself Of Your Audience

Remember, you are presenting to your peers! They all likely have to make a presentation too at some point, and so have been or will be in the same boat. Remembering that your audience is on your side will help you stay cool and collected.

6. Observe Other Speakers

Look at famous leaders, or just other students who typically do well presenting. Notice what they are doing and how you can adapt your performance in those ways.

7. Remind Yourself Of Your Message

If you can come up with a central message, or goal, of your college presentation, you can remind yourself of it throughout your speech and let it guide you.

8. Don’t Apologize

If you make a mistake, don’t apologize. It is likely that no one even noticed! If you do feel you need to point out your own mistake, simply say it and keep moving on with your presentation. No need to be embarrassed, it happens even to the best presenters!

When you smile, you appear warm and inviting as a speaker. You will also relax yourself with your own smile.

The Bottom Line

It can be nerve racking presenting as a college student, but if you use our presentation tips for students, preparing and presenting your college presentation will be a breeze!

In this article

At UoPeople, our blog writers are thinkers, researchers, and experts dedicated to curating articles relevant to our mission: making higher education accessible to everyone. Read More

911 call records, radio messages released in Georgia school shooting investigation

by Associated Press

WINDER, Ga. (AP) — A Georgia county's emergency call center was overwhelmed by calls on Sept. 4 about a school shooting at Apalachee High School, records released Friday by Barrow County show.

Local news organizations report many of the 911 phone calls were not released under public record requests because state law exempts from releasing calls recording the voice of someone younger than 18 years old. That exemption would cover calls from most of the 1,900 students at the school in Winder, northeast of Atlanta.

Calls spiked around 10:20 a.m., when authorities have said that 14-year-old Colt Gray began shooting. Many calls were answered with automated messages saying there was a “high call volume," WAGA-TV reported.

One man called 911 after receiving text messages from a girlfriend. He was put on hold for just over 10 minutes because of an influx of calls at the time of the shooting, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported.

She hears people yelling outside, so I don’t know if that’s officers in the building or that’s — I don’t know,” he said, adding that she was eventually evacuated out of the school.

Other adults also called 911 after their children contacted them.

My daughter calling me crying. Somebody go ‘boom, boom, boom, boom,’ ” one mother said. The 911 operator responded: “Ma’am we have officers out there, OK?”

Parents of students at an elementary school and middle school neighboring Apalachee also flooded 911 seeking information.

“Sir, my daughter goes to school next door to Apalachee. Is there a school shooter?" one caller asked.

“We do have an active situation (at) Apalachee High School right now," the operator responded. "We have a lot of calls coming in.”

More than 500 radio messages between emergency personnel were also released Friday.

“Active shooter!” an officer yells in one audio clip while speaking with a dispatcher, CNN reported. Another officer responds, “Correct. We have an active shooter at Apalachee High School.”

The shooting killed teachers Richard Aspinwall, 39, and Cristina Irimie, 53, as well as students Mason Schermerhorn and Christian Angulo, both 14. Another teacher and eight more students were wounded, with seven of those hit by gunfire.

Colt Gray is charged as an adult with four counts of murder, and District Attorney Brad Smith has said more charges are likely to be filed against him in connection with the wounded. Authorities have also charged his father, Colin Gray, alleging that he gave his son access to the gun when he knew or should have known that the teen was a danger to himself and others.

The 13,000 students at Barrow County’s other schools returned to class Tuesday. The 1,900 students who attend Apalachee are supposed to start returning the week of Sept. 23, officials said Friday.