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India before Independence: Smaller struggles for freedom

‘Conflict with the Ghazees before Bareilly’, 1857

The Uprising of 1857 was India’s first widespread struggle against the British government. Even though it wasn’t a struggle for sovereignty, it planted the desire for freedom in indigenous minds and shook up the very foundations of British rule in India. An early nationalist perspective on the events of 1857 was offered by VD Savarkar, who termed the Revolt as ‘India’s First War of Independence’.

It is difficult if not impossible to fully map the breadth, scope and aftermath of the rebellion of 1857; its echoes were lingering and far-reaching. The study I have attempted here focuses on specific events and regions, and uses the Sarmaya collection to go beyond the dates and numbers to tell the story of a revolution.

Tension in the ranks

By the nineteenth century, the British had largely consolidated their hold over the Indian subcontinent. Territories like Bengal, Awadh and Mysore had been cleverly brought under British control through tactful annexations and alliances. Political and administrative control was accompanied by reforms in the socio-cultural and military realms to simplify and improve governance and ‘civilise’ the natives. Such measures—the abolition of sati, adoption of English as the language of instruction, reorganisation of the military system of privileges—hurt native sentiments, as they hit at revered social and religious structures. In the period immediately preceding the Revolt, these factors became more pronounced, sparking widespread dissatisfaction.

Besides this, concessions granted by the government in the past —the passing of sepoy letters free of postage tax and the personal role of soldiers in determining promotions and overseas service—came to be seen by the soldiers as their rightful privileges. The sudden withdrawal or curtailment of these, coupled with the inability of their European officers to communicate the reason for this in the language of the soldiers, became the primary grievance of the native troops.

But what acted as the final trigger for the Uprising was the introduction of the Enfield rifle. The bullets of the rifle had to be bitten before firing, and they were rumoured to be greased with the fat of cows and pigs, which was hurtful to the sentiments of Hindus and Muslims. Given their growing disillusionment with the Empire, the Bengal army found it plausible that the British would use such insidious means to ‘Christianise’ them. The rage of the soldiers bubbled over and led to the burning of a telegraph office on 24 th January 1857 in Barrackpore. A government order to repeal cartridges only fuelled the fire; it was assumed that the rumours about the cartridges was true, and other secret attacks on Indian caste would be launched.

League of the extraordinary

Although the British did their best to downplay the scale of rebellion and project it as chaotic and unplanned, the works of nationalist writer Rudrangshu Mukherjee suggest otherwise. These prove that while the revolt itself may have been sparked by mutinies in the sepoy lines, it took some organisation to carry forward the struggle. There existed a pattern in the order the mutinies were carried out; the firing of the evening guns in Meerut, Lucknow and Bareilly occurred as if part of a chain reaction.

Kuwar Singh of Arrah, 1857, monochrome engraving on paper, The Illustrated London News © Sarmaya Arts Foundation (2015.3.9) — click on image for more

The Revolt appears to have been a popular uprising that drew diverse leadership, cutting across geographical and social differences: Kunwar Singh from Bihar, Nana Sahib from Kanpur, the aged Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II from Delhi, and the warrior-queen Rani Lakshmibai from Jhansi. What is interesting is that many such men and women were forced into positions of importance—they were called upon by the masses to take charge of the movement and didn’t get much say in the matter. Kunwar Singh, for one, was nearly 80 and in poor health when he was called upon to take up arms. He assumed command of the soldiers of Danapur on 25 July, following which he fought battles in Arrah, Lucknow, Azamgarh and Jagdishpur. Before his final battle, Singh cut off his left hand to prevent the threat of infection after a bullet shattered his wrist. A few months later, on April 23, 1858, this venerable warrior was killed by British troops near Jagdishpur.

Mutiny at Meerut

Left: Death of Colonel Finnis at Meerut, from Sarmaya’s collection of engravings; right: Mangal Pandey, Flickr/Public.Resource.Org

The mutiny of 1857 began in Barrackpore under the leadership of the sepoy Mangal Pandey of the 34th Regiment and ended with the killing of Sergeant Major Hewson and the injury of Lieutenant Baugh. Pandey was eventually hanged, which, coupled with the disbandment of the 29th Regiment, brought an end to the mutinous spirit at Barrackpore and Behrampore. However, discontent soon cropped up in districts like Sealkote, Agra, Ambala, and, most importantly, Lucknow.

Simultaneously, in Meerut, disaffection was more plainly visible than in any other station of the North-Western Frontier Provinces. On 10 th May, 1857 the Bengal army revolted at the sounding of the fire alarm and the bugle. Once the alarms went off, the 3 rd Light Cavalry and the 20 th Native Infantry rushed out of their lines, fully armed, releasing inmates in prison, burning buildings and killing British officers and other Europeans.

Battle for Delhi

Left: Storming of Delhi, from Sarmaya’s collection of engravings; right: Bahadur Shah Zafar, Wikipedia Creative Commons

On the morning of 11 th May, the news of Mangal Pandey’s execution and the subsequent disbandment of his regiment reached the Delhi sepoys. This produced much muttering in the ranks. Soon after, the rebels from Meerut arrived in the capital, forcing Bahadur Shah Zafar II, the aged Mughal emperor, to take up leadership of the Revolt, which he did reluctantly. Under Company rule, Delhi’s position had been undermined, and hence was not a station for any units of the British army, which simplified its takeover by the rebels considerably. The British plan to fight the rebels by launching an attack from Cashmere Gate in Delhi was jeopardised by the betrayal of the 54 th Regiment, which immediately joined the rebels, leaving the British to be mercilessly killed. Delhi, as will be shown, was taken over with ease by the troops, who quickly gained fresh recruits from the 38th and 74th Regiments. The reason behind the mutineers’ march to Delhi was the unique position held by the city as the Mughal capital, making the breakdown of British law and order here symbolic of complete victory over the British. The Company officials made desperate attempts to close off all city gates, but failed to prevent the entry of raging rebels through the Rajghat Gate. The events that followed over the next few days involved the slaughter of British officials and civilians. With the continuous arrival of large contingents of rebellious sepoys in Delhi, it quickly became apparent to the British that the city was too well-fortified and strongly held to fall to a swift attack. The mutineering sepoys carried out attacks through June and July, the major ones being the attacks of 19th June, 23rd June and 9th July, in which the besiegers were bogged down by heavy losses.

In early August, the besiegers found necessary reinforcement in numbers and arms by the arrival of Brigadier John Nicholson and his forces, joined by a siege train in early September. Immediate action was decided upon, led by Richard Baird Smith, an engineer officer, who drew up elaborate plans to breach the city walls and make an assault—every column was to launch its attack from a different place. The operations of this phase of the British siege resulted in a part of the walls of Delhi falling back into British hands, first the Cashmere Gate region, followed by the Magazine, the Palace and Jama Masjid, and Lahore Gate.

On 21 September, the city was finally declared captured, but at a terrible cost; not only did British officials like Nicholson and native sepoys lose their lives, but innocent civilians did too. By recapturing the Indian capital city, the British and Company forces dealt the Indian Army mutineers a major military and psychological blow. Bahadur Shah and his three sons were captured by Major William SR Hodson, leader of the irregular Light Cavalry at the time, who had the latter executed. The emperor was spared but exiled to Rangoon. Hundreds of rebel prisoners, suspected rebels and sympathisers were hanged without trial or legal process.

Carnage in Kanpur

Left: ‘Massacre at Cawnpore’, engraving from the Sarmaya collection; right: Nana Sahib, Wikipedia Creative commons/Illustrated London News

The revolts at Meerut and Delhi provided the necessary inspiration for a general rising across India, first in Ferozpore, Aligarh, Etawah and Mynpoorie, and later in Benares, Allahabad, Kanpur, Awadhi and Rohilkundi provinces. Of these risings, the ones at Kanpur and Lucknow were the most significant. By end May-early June, the British forces in Kanpur had been reinforced: a month’s provisions had been stored in the entrenchment and additional guns strategically positioned. The rebellion broke out on the night of 4 th June, led by the 2 nd Cavalry and joined by the forces of Nana Sahib, the adopted heir of Baji Rao II, former peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. As Nana was not a natural-born heir, the Company had decided to cancel the transfer of pension and honours of the lineage to him. He took up residence in Kanpur to excite the sepoys into revolt and protect the treasury himself. The 2 nd Cavalry and Nana’s men were quickly joined by the 1 st Native Infantry and the native artillerymen of the Awadh Battery.

The aim of all groups of insurgents was to make their way to Delhi and join the other rebels. This, however, posed a challenge to Nana Sahib, as the departure of the mutineers for Delhi would mean that the advantages he had promised himself from the Revolt—the restoration of the Peshwa and Maratha with Kanpur as the centre of sovereignty—would be lost. He therefore made every effort to persuade the marching troops to return to Kanpur and kill the Britishers left behind, in order to secure their own lives, which would be threatened if the rebellion were unsuccessful. The news of more treasure in the entrenchment and the gunpowder and guns remaining in the magazine gave the rebels added incentive to place themselves under Nana’s orders and return to Kanpur.

Satichaura Ghat, a photograph by Samuel Bourne

On 25 th June, the British surrendered, giving Nana control over government money, the magazine and guns, in return for the safe passage of the surviving English families to Allahabad after a day of preparation and burying their dead. On the 27 th , carts and elephants were sent by Nana to enable British women, children and the sick to proceed to the river banks, from where they would be taken to Allahabad. The British officers and military men were allowed to take along their arms and ammunition, and were escorted by a large portion of the rebel army. As soon as the British party reached Satichaura Ghat and set aside their musketry, however, they were once again attacked by sepoys. Although the British hold him responsible, there is no evidence to prove that Nana Sahib had pre-planned or ordered the massacre.

Some modern historians suggest the Satichaura Ghat massacre was the unfortunate result of some confusion. Nevertheless, the departing Britishers were killed and captured by rebel sepoys, and the few boats that escaped, including Wheeler’s, were pursued and attacked. Even those who surrendered were captured and taken to be fired on. The women and children survivors of the Satichaura Ghat massacre were placed in captivity in Kanpur, first at Savada House and then at Bibighar. The prisoners were placed under the care of a sex worker, Hussaini Khanum, and used to bargain with the Company, whose armed forces, led by Henry Havelock and Colonel James Neill, had set out from Allahabad to retake Kanpur and Lucknow.

Nana’s demand for the retreat of the relentlessly advancing Company forces was ignored. It was clear that his bargain had failed and drastic action needed to be taken. When the rebel leaders of Kanpur received news of violence against innocent Indian villagers by Havelock’s and Neill’s forces, they issued an order on 15 th July to murder the women and children imprisoned at Bibighar, after much discussion. A merciless murder of the innocent took place once more, with every kind of weapon, from bayonets to clubs to butcher’s knives to battle-axes. Once everyone had been killed, the butchered corpses were then thrown into a well.

Left: Map showing track of rebels under Tantia Topi from the Sarmaya collection; right: Tantia Tope, Wikipedia Creative Commons

The British troops arrived at Bibighar on 16 th July, only to find the captives murdered brutally. Infuriated and disgusted, they engaged in a surge of violence against the local population of Kanpur, their justification being that the local noncombatants did nothing to prevent the massacre. The fate of Nana Sahib remains unknown, but the British claimed that he was captured. Slowly, order was restored in Kanpur. A final attempt at recapture by the rebels was led by Tatya Tope in November, but his army of rebel soldiers from the Gwalior contingent were defeated by the Company forces commanded by Sir Colin Campbell in the Second Battle of Kanpur, concluding the phase of rebellion in the Kanpur area.

A fault-line grows

The events of 1857 led to the death of thousands, with estimates placing this number somewhere between 800,000 and 1,000,000. Both sides committed brutalities and atrocities against civilians, although the numbers of those who suffered were far greater on the rebel side. Given the magnitude and scale of the rebellion, not only in terms of these numbers but also its spread geographically and socially, it was obvious the Revolt would not be forgotten easily.

Two things happened immediately in its aftermath. First, the British cracked down heavily in punishment. The events of 1857 left the colonisers feeling embittered and angered, sentiments that were expressed in the journals and diaries of the time. The graphic portrayal of the mutilation and violence wrought against women, children and the wounded, horrified and enraged the British public, making them wholeheartedly support the desire of their soldiers who sought revenge. Indian rebels were brutally punished by hanging or by being blown to pieces from cannons.

‘English Homes in India 1857′, Monochrome Engraving on Paper, Illustrated Times © Sarmaya Arts Foundation (2017.4.88) — click on image to see more

The second, more interesting shift happened in the attitudes of the colonial masters towards their subjects and vice versa. Politically, the nature of British rule in India underwent a transformation. The issuing of the Government of India Act of 1858 marked the transfer of the East India Company’s ruling powers to the British Crown. Administrative policy in India was now formulated and implemented by the new government department called the ‘India Office’ and its head, the Secretary of State for India, and the Governor-General, under the new title Viceroy, respectively.

In 1877, Queen Victoria took up the title of Empress of India. Colonial administrators dedicatedly pursued the path of reform, giving up their earlier attempts at Westernisation. They adopted a tolerant stance on religion and incorporated those from Indian upper and ruling castes into the government. Although the old Company bureaucracy essentially remained, attitudes underwent a drastic change—a new philosophy that stressed the preservation of tradition and hierarchy took shape. This was rooted in the belief that the causes of the Revolt lay within the spheres of religion and economy. With respect to religion, the British believed there was earlier an excessive interference in indigenous traditions. On the matter of economy, it was stated that the Company’s attempts to create an environment of free market competition had undermined traditional power structures and bonds of loyalty, placing the peasantry at the mercy of merchants and money-lenders. Politically, it was felt that the severity of relations between the rulers and ruled created a wide gap that fomented unrest.

As a direct result of this school of thought, Indians were drawn into the government at a local level, albeit on a limited scale. This, along with the opening of universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras created a new professional middle class, members of which would be drawn to the early mission of the Indian National Congress. Founded in 1885 by two Parsi industrialists and a retired British civil servant, the Congress started off as a platform that would debate the issues of the day and put the concerns of Indian citizenry before its rulers in England. By the early 20 th century, the party would be at the forefront of the freedom struggle, led by personalities who are known today as the founders and architects of free India.

In the end, the events of 1857 were never to be India’s ‘tryst with destiny’. But in the aftermath, an awareness grew among the masses, who had learned to fight for what was rightfully theirs. The Uprising planted the embers of defiance that would feed the blaze in which our national identity was forged less than a century later.

A student of history from St Stephen’s College, Devika Dua had interned with Sarmaya

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Ball, Charles; The History of the Indian Mutiny
• Forbes-Mitchel, William; Reminiscences of the Great Mutiny; Macmillan and Co.; London, 1894
• Gubbins, Martin Richard; An Account of the Mutinies in Oudh and of the Siege of the Lucknow Residency, Woodfall and Kinder; London; 1858
• Lady Inglis; The Siege of Lucknow: a Diary; James R Osgood, McIlvaine and Co.; London; 1892
• NCERT, Themes in Indian History Part III
• Pati, Biswamoy; The 1857 Rebellion, Debates in Indian History and Society; Oxford University Press; 2007
• Rees, L.E.R.; A Personal Narrative of the Siege of Lucknow, From its Commencement to its Relief by Sir Colin Campbell; Spottiswoode and Co.; London; 1858
• Sedgwick, F.R.; The Indian Mutiny 1857, A Sketch of the Principal Military Events; Forster Groom & Co Ltd.; London; 1920
• Unknown; The Mutiny of the Bengal Army; An Historical Narrative, Bosworth and Harrison; London
• Indian Mutiny of 1857 – Siege of Delhi

Delhi, 1857: a bloody warning to today’s imperial occupiers

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Essay Curve

Essay on India Before Independence And After Independence

Essay on India Before Independence And After Independence: India’s journey from a colonized nation under British rule to an independent and thriving democracy is a remarkable tale of resilience, courage, and determination. Before independence, India was shackled by oppressive colonial policies that stifled its growth and development. However, after gaining independence in 1947, India embarked on a path of progress and transformation, overcoming numerous challenges to emerge as a global powerhouse. In this essay, we will explore the significant changes and developments that have shaped India’s journey before and after independence.

Table of Contents

India Before Independence And After Independence Essay Writing Tips

1. Introduction: Start by providing a brief overview of India’s history before and after independence. Mention the key events and changes that occurred during these periods.

2. India before Independence: – Discuss the socio-political landscape of India before independence, including the British colonial rule and the impact it had on the country. – Highlight the various movements and struggles for independence, such as the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement. – Describe the social and economic conditions in India before independence, including poverty, inequality, and lack of infrastructure.

3. India after Independence: – Discuss the immediate aftermath of independence, including the partition of India and the challenges faced by the newly formed nation. – Highlight the efforts made by the Indian government to rebuild the country and establish a democratic system of governance. – Describe the economic reforms and development initiatives undertaken post-independence, such as the Green Revolution and industrialization.

4. Changes in society: – Discuss the social changes that took place in India after independence, including the abolition of untouchability, promotion of gender equality, and implementation of affirmative action policies. – Highlight the cultural renaissance that occurred post-independence, with the revival of traditional art forms and promotion of Indian languages and literature.

5. Political developments: – Discuss the evolution of India’s political system after independence, including the adoption of a democratic constitution and the establishment of a multi-party system. – Highlight the role of prominent leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, and Atal Bihari Vajpayee in shaping India’s political landscape.

6. Economic progress: – Discuss the economic growth and development that India experienced after independence, including the liberalization of the economy in the 1990s and the emergence of India as a global economic power. – Highlight the challenges faced by India in terms of poverty, unemployment, and income inequality, and the government’s efforts to address these issues through various welfare programs.

7. Conclusion: Summarize the key points discussed in the essay and reflect on the overall impact of independence on India’s growth and development. Emphasize the importance of preserving India’s rich cultural heritage while striving for progress and prosperity in the future.

Essay on India Before Independence And After Independence in 10 Lines – Examples

Before Independence: 1. India was under British colonial rule for nearly 200 years. 2. The country was divided into numerous princely states and provinces. 3. The Indian National Congress was formed to fight for independence. 4. Mahatma Gandhi led the non-violent civil disobedience movement. 5. The British implemented oppressive policies and exploited Indian resources. 6. The economy was largely agrarian and controlled by British interests. 7. Social and religious reforms were initiated to combat discrimination and inequality. 8. Education and healthcare were limited and only accessible to a privileged few. 9. The Indian freedom struggle gained momentum with mass protests and movements. 10. Independence was finally achieved on August 15, 1947, after a long and arduous struggle.

After Independence: 1. India became a sovereign democratic republic with its own constitution. 2. The country was divided into states and union territories for better governance. 3. The government implemented policies to promote economic growth and development. 4. Social welfare programs were introduced to uplift the marginalized sections of society. 5. India became a prominent member of the international community. 6. The economy saw rapid industrialization and growth in various sectors. 7. Education and healthcare were expanded to reach a larger population. 8. India faced challenges such as poverty, corruption, and communal tensions. 9. The country made significant progress in science, technology, and space exploration. 10. India continues to strive for inclusive growth and development for all its citizens.

Sample Essay on India Before Independence And After Independence in 100-180 Words

India before independence was a country under British colonial rule, with a rich cultural heritage and a diverse population. The country was plagued by poverty, illiteracy, and social inequalities. The Indian people were subjected to harsh British rule and exploitation, leading to widespread discontent and calls for independence.

After gaining independence in 1947, India underwent significant changes. The country adopted a democratic system of governance, with a constitution that guaranteed fundamental rights to its citizens. India embarked on a path of economic development and social reform, with initiatives to eradicate poverty, promote education, and empower marginalized communities.

Despite facing challenges such as communal tensions, corruption, and regional disparities, India has made significant progress in various fields since independence. The country has emerged as a global economic power and a vibrant democracy, with a growing influence on the world stage. India’s journey from colonial subjugation to independence and progress is a testament to the resilience and determination of its people.

Short Essay on India Before Independence And After Independence in 200-500 Words

India, before independence, was a land of rich cultural heritage and diversity. It was ruled by various dynasties and empires, each leaving their mark on the country’s history and traditions. The British East India Company established its presence in India in the early 17th century, eventually leading to British colonial rule over the entire subcontinent.

During the colonial period, India faced numerous challenges, including economic exploitation, social discrimination, and political repression. The British implemented policies that favored their own interests, leading to widespread poverty and inequality among the Indian population. The Indian people were subjected to harsh treatment and were denied basic rights and freedoms.

Despite these challenges, India’s struggle for independence gained momentum in the early 20th century. Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose played crucial roles in mobilizing the masses and leading the fight against British colonial rule. The non-violent resistance movement led by Gandhi, known as the Satyagraha, inspired millions of Indians to join the freedom struggle.

Finally, on August 15, 1947, India gained independence from British rule after years of struggle and sacrifice. The country was divided into two separate nations, India and Pakistan, leading to widespread violence and displacement of millions of people. The partition of India remains a dark chapter in the country’s history, with lasting scars on the collective memory of its people.

After independence, India faced numerous challenges in nation-building and development. The country had to rebuild its economy, establish democratic institutions, and address social inequalities. The newly independent nation adopted a democratic form of government, with a constitution that guaranteed fundamental rights and freedoms to all its citizens.

Over the years, India has made significant progress in various fields, including education, healthcare, and technology. The country has emerged as a global economic powerhouse, with a booming IT industry and a growing middle class. India’s cultural influence has also spread worldwide, with its music, dance, and cuisine gaining popularity in different parts of the world.

However, India still faces numerous challenges, including poverty, corruption, and social inequality. The country continues to grapple with issues like religious and caste-based discrimination, gender inequality, and environmental degradation. The government has launched various initiatives to address these challenges, including poverty alleviation programs, education reforms, and environmental conservation efforts.

In conclusion, India’s journey from colonial rule to independence and beyond has been a remarkable one. The country has made significant progress in various fields, but there is still a long way to go in achieving its full potential. India’s rich cultural heritage, diversity, and resilience continue to inspire people around the world, making it a truly unique and vibrant nation.

Essay on India Before Independence And After Independence in 1000-1500 Words

India, a land of rich history and diverse cultures, has undergone significant changes before and after gaining independence from British colonial rule in 1947. The period before independence was marked by centuries of foreign invasions, colonization, and exploitation, while the period after independence has been characterized by efforts to rebuild and develop the nation. In this essay, we will explore the key differences between India before and after independence, focusing on political, social, and economic aspects.

Before Independence:

India’s history before independence is marked by a long period of foreign invasions and colonization. The country was ruled by various dynasties and empires, including the Mughals, the British, and the Portuguese. The British East India Company established its presence in India in the early 17th century and gradually expanded its control over the entire subcontinent. The British colonial rule had a profound impact on India’s political, social, and economic structures.

Politically, India was fragmented into numerous princely states and kingdoms, each ruled by a local monarch or chieftain. The British introduced a system of indirect rule, whereby they controlled the princely states through treaties and alliances. The British also established a centralized administrative system, with a governor-general in Calcutta overseeing the entire subcontinent. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, played a key role in mobilizing public opinion against British rule and advocating for independence.

Socially, India was divided along religious, caste, and class lines. The caste system, a hierarchical social structure based on birth and occupation, was deeply entrenched in Indian society. The British introduced modern education, legal systems, and social reforms, which helped to challenge traditional social norms and practices. However, the British also exploited existing divisions within Indian society to maintain their control over the country.

Economically, India was a predominantly agrarian society, with agriculture being the main source of livelihood for the majority of the population. The British introduced cash crops like cotton, tea, and indigo, which were exported to Britain for profit. This led to the impoverishment of Indian farmers and the decline of traditional industries like textiles and handicrafts. The British also established a system of exploitative taxation and land revenue, which further drained the resources of the Indian economy.

After Independence:

India gained independence from British colonial rule on August 15, 1947, after a long and arduous struggle for freedom. The period after independence has been marked by efforts to rebuild and develop the nation, and to address the challenges inherited from centuries of foreign rule. The Indian National Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, played a key role in shaping the post-independence political landscape.

Politically, India adopted a democratic system of government, with a constitution that guaranteed fundamental rights and freedoms to all citizens. The country was divided into states and union territories, each with its own elected government. The Indian National Congress dominated the political scene in the early years of independence, but over time, other political parties emerged to challenge its hegemony. India also faced the challenge of integrating the princely states into the newly independent nation, which was achieved through a process of negotiation and diplomacy.

Socially, India embarked on a program of social reform and modernization, aimed at eradicating social evils like untouchability, caste discrimination, and gender inequality. The government introduced affirmative action programs like reservations in education and employment for marginalized communities, to promote social justice and equality. The Green Revolution, launched in the 1960s, transformed Indian agriculture and helped to alleviate poverty and hunger in rural areas.

Economically, India adopted a mixed economy model, with a combination of state-led planning and market-oriented reforms. The government implemented a series of five-year plans, aimed at promoting industrialization, infrastructure development, and poverty alleviation. The public sector played a dominant role in key industries like steel, coal, and banking, while the private sector was encouraged to invest in sectors like information technology, pharmaceuticals, and services. The liberalization and globalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s opened up new opportunities for trade and investment, leading to rapid economic growth and development.

In conclusion, India before and after independence represents two distinct phases in the country’s history. Before independence, India was a land of foreign domination and exploitation, marked by political fragmentation, social divisions, and economic exploitation. After independence, India embarked on a journey of nation-building and development, characterized by political democracy, social reform, and economic growth. The challenges faced by India before independence continue to shape the country’s present and future, as it strives to build a more inclusive, equitable, and prosperous society for all its citizens.

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    Before the Indian Independence Movement in the early 1900’s, India had been under the influence of a foreign ruler for its entire history. It was never in control of its own political destiny, nor was it ever considered a legitimate country. By the time the British took over the area, the citizens of India were beginning to grow restless with having no say in any political decisions. There was turmoil beneath the surface that the British were not really aware of, nor threatened by. This turmoil was evident in the minor rebellion of 1857, which was led by Indian soldiers. However, not until Mohandas Gandhi arrived in 1914 did the masses unite in their unhappiness and show Britain that they were capable of an uprising. Britain did not willingly accept this disloyalty, and it passed many legislative acts to try to suppress the masses and, more importantly, Gandhi. The spirit of the Indian people and its leader was not crushed, however, and they continued on in their search of independence. Not until only about 1957 did their perseverance pay off, and it was a long and hard battle against their oppressors to finally achieve freedom.

            Prior to its search for independence, India had never enjoyed the privilege of deciding its own political fate. Even before the British arrived, there were many foreign rulers. However, there were elements that made the British rule different than the previous inhabitants. The earlier foreign rulers had slowly integrated themselves into Indian society; adopting their language, religion, social habits, and customs. The British, on the other hand, were determined to remain foreign. They did not want to become a part of the Indian nation, they were simply in the country to become wealthy and exercise their political influence, causing resentment on the side of the natives. They resented the fact that the British did not even attempt to adopt some of their beliefs, and in fact, they denounced most of them. As time passed, the gulf between the British people in India and the natives of the country widened. It is understandable that the Indians were bothered by this British condescendence because these foreigners on their land were critical of beliefs that were embedded in the Indian heritage. The people of India had always been proud of their rich culture and Hindu practices (Mehrotra 1971:115-8). The rejection of Hinduism was a major reason for unhappiness. The Indians were alarmed by the introduction of Christianity (Spear 1965:158). They also experienced racism on a very high level, and it is natural that the natives began to ferment. Although this turmoil remained beneath the surface, some of the British were aware that if they did not tone the racism down, the Indians would begin an uprising. Many British were afraid that the natives would realize that they all had common grievances and unite against the British, which would be disastrous for their power over the foreigners. Others British thought it was simply a matter of time until India won its independence; the natives just needed the right motivation and guidance (Mehrotra 1971:115-8).

            The first surge of nationalism that occurred in India was the Minor Rebellion of 1857. This mutiny was sparked by angry sepoys, or Indian soldiers serving in the Bengal army of the British East India Company. They were forced by the British soldiers to use a certain type of cartridge that needed to bitten off, but they refused because they took this as evidence that the British thought of themselves as superior. The Indian sepoys were severely punished for their defiance, but they did not stand for this, and raised arms against their superiors. This was a very minor unplanned revolt; however, it symbolized what the rest of the natives were feeling. The sepoys were ahead of the rest of the country because the others did not seriously rebel until many years later. Since this rebellion was repressed, it actually had negative affects for the Indians: “The localized character of the revolt, its failure to throw up any outstanding ‘national’ leader…confirmed many Britons in their old belief that the people of India had ‘no conception of national independence’ or patriotism” (Mehrotra 1971:107). The British now believed more that they could control the Indians, as they had no capacity for self-government. They thought the natives were incapable of uniting and starting a threatening mutiny. These classic British clichés only grew stronger after 1857. However, the Indians now realized that they shared common grievances on a national scale (Mehrotra 1971:107-8). “From this concern with the new ideological invasion which could not be evaded arose the phenomenon which we call Indian nationalism” (Spear 1965:158). Despite the British resurgence of confidence in their ability to suppress the Indians, the natives were now very aware of the fact that the entire nation was looking for a way to free themselves from British rule.

            It is interesting to consider why, after hundreds of years of foreign rule, the natives of India suddenly had this strong surge of nationalism beginning in 1857 and carried it through to the 20 th century. The important thing that brought this on was the change in “ideologies, the groupings, and the technologies of both protest and acceptance” (Robb 2002:191). The influence of the Western world changed how Indians communicated with each other. With the installment of newspapers, postal system, and railways, the various parts of India could now share ideas. Previously, two Indian towns on opposite sides of the country could not talk to each other. With these new Western tools, natives from all over realized that they shared common grievances and hatred toward the British. Before the introduction of these technologies, the Indians had lacked solidarity, which is vital in creating a country-wide sense of patriotism (Robb 2002:191). These technologies, however, were a double-edged sword. They were an important reason why the British did not integrate themselves into Indian society. Before the invention of the steamer and railway, the British that came to India planned to stay there for a while, and had no choice to but to allow their social habits and customs to be affected by the natives in India. The steamers and railways made for easy travel between Britain and India. No longer did British live many years in India, now, they simply came to get rich and leave as quickly as possible. This caused resentment on the side of the natives, and the gap between the two sides continued to grow. The response on the side of the Indians was to use the technology to their advantage and unite under one common goal: to fight for their freedom (Mehrotra 1971:116).

            The first major step toward Indian independence was the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC). The first meeting was in December 1885 in Bombay; among those who attend was Mahatma Gandhi, the future leader of the movement. At first the congress professed empire loyalty, western technology, and British liberties while trying to promote national interest. The INC was concerned with the elite’s responsibility to the rest of the nation and began to have its meetings at various locations in India and started to gather a following of mostly businessmen and professionals. However, World War I broke out in 1914, and dragged on until 1920. By the end of this time, the political scene in India had changed, and so had the INC. After 1920, it became a permanent opponent to the British government. It now sought participation from the masses of natives and was better organized. It was also more uncompromising in its demands toward Britain (Mehrotra 1971:183-4). After 1920, the INC quickly became the forum for the hopes and wants of the Indian people. The British were alarmed because the members of the congress were a new breed of Indian. “They criticized, they carped, they claimed rights” (Spear 1965:170-1). The INC represented the numerous forces of the country coming together. There were strong feelings of unity and patriotism at the meetings of the congress, and from the first meeting, the progress toward Indian independence rapidly sped up (Mehrotra 1971: 419).

             The First World War brought about many changes in the Indian political scene. The British had promised India their independence numerous times, but no real changes had taken place. The Indians grew more frustrated as the war went on. By the time the war ended, Indian nationalism was extremely strong. The war contributed to this nationalism because post-war, the Indians realized that the British were not as mighty as they had previously thought. They realized that there were many superpowers of the world besides Britain and even the power of the mighty British navy was challenged on the seas. They looked more negatively at European tactics and ideas in general after World War I. More importantly, this change of the political situation in India paved the way for Mahatma Gandhi, the eventual head of the fight toward independence. “It [WWI] provoked a revolution in the Indian consciousness which in turn found expression in the ascendance of Mahatma Gandhi” (Spear 1965:181-2). Gandhi migrated to India in 1914 from South Africa, where he had fought for social injustices against immigrant Indians. Once in India, Indian political independence became his priority. Gandhi adopted an ethical system that rejected Western ideals of the greatest good for the greatest number of people. He believed in social justice that pertained to the individual, especially the underprivileged. Above all Gandhi practiced nonviolence and empathy for others over individual pursuit of happiness (Ritchie 2000). Gandhi wanted to gain the support of the masses. He led week-long fasts and marches as a form of protest against the British. These had a significant impact and he soon had the entire country of India following him and looking to him as a leader. In 1921 he decided to begin living like the masses; he dressed, ate, and lived like the average Indian native. They felt that despite his financial means, as he had a good amount of money, he was truly practicing what he preached and rejecting Western beliefs of putting self-interest over social justice. The natives thought of Gandhi as being on the same social level as them, which is why they listened to his preaching and united under him (Spear 1965: 194-7).

            Gandhi was causing serious rebellion of the masses against British rule, and they did not just sit back and watch. They passed many legislative acts to try to suppress the mutiny of the natives. The first of these was the Rowlatt Bills in 1919. These Bills allowed for the incarceration of “dangerous” persons in India without trial or legal representation. Gandhi strongly opposed this because it was just another way that the British flaunted their political dominance, so he fasted for three weeks to show his disagreement (The King Center 2000). Second was the 1919 Government Act of India, which stated that a commission would be created after ten years to decide whether India had the capacity for more self-rule. This commission was called the Simon Commission, which reported in 1930 and had no Indians on it. The ruling was self-government for the provinces, but nothing else. The INC was outraged because it wanted dominion status, which is a self-governing commonwealth while being one of a number of such territories united in a community of nations. While the Simon Commission was reporting, Gandhi led a civil disobedience crusade. He marched 250 miles to the sea to produce in his own salt as a way of protesting the newly imposed salt tax, and was eventually arrested because of this. Next came the Round Table Conferences of 1930 and 1931. A sympathetic Viceroy, Lord Irwin, was appointed, who believed that India deserved dominion status. The first conference failed because neither INC members nor Gandhi were present. However, Irwin convinced Gandhi to attend the second one and he agreed to end the civil disobedience campaign, but this conference also failed because an agreement over religion could not be achieved. Finally came the 1935 Government Act of India, which proposed that an elected Indian assembly would have a political say in everything, except defense and foreign affairs, and that the eleven provincial assembles would have full control over only local affairs. Nationalists in India were not pleased with this because they wanted dominion status granted immediately. Once again, it also failed to take of the age-old religious issues between Muslims and Hindu’s. The Muslim League actually wanted a split from India after the Hindu’s dominated Congress in 1937. Gandhi, however, was opposed to this idea because he felt a united India was a stronger India (History Learning Site 2000).

            World War II broke out in 1939 and halted the Indian issue temporarily, at least in Britain’s eyes. During the war, the British promised dominion status for India at war’s end because many Indians fought for Britain against Japan. In 1945, after the war had ended, attempts to draw up a constitution that was satisfactory failed yet again because of the quarrel between the Muslims and Hindu’s. The Muslim League took direct action in 1946 to try to get an Independent Muslim state, which caused India to break out in civil war. Once again in 1947, Britain promised India their freedom. This time, there was more merit to this promise. The 1947 Indian Independence Act was written in August of that year. It created Pakistan, which was a Muslim state that was separate from India. Both countries were granted their independence, and all of Gandhi’s hard work as well as the undying support of the Indian people had finally paid off (History Learning Site 2000).

            It is only natural for a nation of people who have been oppressed for their entire history to have an uprising and demand freedom. The Indians were no different in this aspect. They dealt with British rule for decades and slowly built up a strong sense of nationalism. The rebellion of 1857 was symbolic of how the country was feeling and showed that the natives of India did hope to have political freedom one day. The reorganization of the Indian National Congress after the First World War was a breakthrough for the people of India. It gave them a chance to express their political goals    and find more efficient ways to achieve political freedom. World War I also led to the ascendance of Mohandas Gandhi, who showed the masses what needed to be done to show the British that the Indians were capable of achieving political freedom. Despite the many legislative acts that were passed by the British to try to repress this rebellion, the natives were persistent in their struggle and eventually came out on top. They survived two World Wars and many empty promises for freedom. Eventually, all this hard work and belief in their cause paid off. The Indian Independence Movement shows that determination and faith can help achieve goals, which is why it has been called by historians one of the most important and significant advances of an oppressed people in modern history.

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From the Archive: In independent India - A struggle beyond freedom

The constitution has further set before the nation an ideal of civil liberty and of equal opportunity to all..

During the three years of our Independence, the country has made progress in many directions and things have been done which, in the pre-independence days, were outside even the realm of schemes or plans. The expansion of education and medical facilities, building new plants, dams, irrigation canals, and roads, the opening of scientific laboratories and virgin soil brought under cultivation, these are some of the achievements of this period besides radical social legislation by the central and the state governments giving equal rights to all citizens with no distinction between men and women, high and low, rich and poor.

The Constitution has further set before the nation an ideal of civil liberty and of equal opportunity to all. The achievement of these objectives is the most difficult task that has ever devolved on any country in the very early stages of its freedom, but we are struggling on in pursuit of a great ideal for which we have lived and fought for so long.

Gandhiji, through the Congress organisation under whose auspices we have grown up, set that ideal before us. We are yet very far indeed from realising it; we have made only a humble beginning. We might, as is only natural, make mistakes and have to retrace our steps if the conditions so demand in order to serve better. Even if we fail or falter, the laudable ideal will ever remain before us as a beacon light to lead us to individual, social, political, and may I also add spiritual progress.

But Independence has brought in its wake several problems which weigh heavily upon us. These are many, and they deserve our consideration, but in this article I shall deal with only two — food and cloth. Their production, if tackled properly, may well pave the way for further progress. Serious thought has been given to the first, but the latter has not received the same attention. I do not propose to elaborate on the various aspects of the problem of food production, but I would like to emphasise here how we should get on with the actual work to achieve a definite result within a prescribed time. We have got sound schemes and ample funds placed at the disposal of the departments concerned. Top priority has also been given to it. Let me enumerate below some of the essential points in regard to this problem: (i) The productive capacity of the existing land under cultivation to increase; save crops from drought and damage as far as possible. (ii) Culturable and virgin soil to be brought under cultivation. (iii) Government to provide necessary means and resources as an aid to implement the above. (iv) Cultivators to put their best on their own initiative without waiting for government help (v) Agency to supervise and execute the scheme. A complete survey of each and every village should be the first and most essential part of our scheme.

All this should be done with military precision. An army of land workers should not remain merely a slogan. Every cultivator should be made to feel that he is a soldier of that army and should report at the village panchayat how he is faring with the work allotted to him. If we are in right earnest and prepared to work hard, we can succeed in reducing our imports of foodgrains considerably.

Let us now consider the question of cloth. It may not be considered as important as food; yet it will be unwise to minimise its importance. It is needless to emphasise that if we can manage food and cloth for ourselves, there is bound to be economic stability. Mills must produce the quota allotted to them. If they do not cooperate, they should be dealt with firmly and, if necessary, new legislation enacted to deal with them. Labour will also have to bear its share of responsibility and strikes should be eliminated. Khadi should be given the utmost encouragement and the people encouraged to use it even if it is somewhat costly. Government should also patronise it fully. Khadi has great prospects if it receives due encouragement from the government as well as the people.

We have got a large population, of which a big percentage has no work or insufficient work. We can provide them with work in the smaller industries. We should not simply try to copy the West as our conditions are different from them. Either we go in for rapid industrialisation through State or private agency or, if that is not possible, and I fear it is not, we must try to speed up our production through small scale and village industries. If we want to make people work-minded, engender a creative spirit and teach them the dignity of labour, the easiest solution is to go in for small-scale industries.

The threat of a world war stares us in the face. It may or may not come but the present tension is bound to have its repercussions. There will be a tendency in various countries to keep in reserve agricultural products and other essential commodities and we might not be able to import in future as easily as we could do before. War, or no war, we must produce enough cereals and enough cloth to feed and clothe our people.

Lal Bahadur Shastri is India’s second prime minister

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India before Independence

As we all know that we got independence in 1947, after long sacrifices. These English guys not only tortured us mentally, but also physically. They used us as slaves and enjoyed their life to the fullest. whether we faced famine or earthquake, they never thought about us. And at the point of independence, they were forced to do so because they lost at the war and it was difficult for them to control us, so they decided to deliver the power to us. And to make this process hassle-free, they used their most deserving candidate was called Mountbatten. He smartly divided the two nations and then drawn the boundary, without thinking about those whose families rely upon another state. As they left us, we weren’t stable enough to handle everything, so we tried everything just as they went. But still today, the remains of their hatred remain in society. We are still divided upon religion. Rabindranath Tagore in his poem “Where the mind is without fear” had compared that if the world is broken into narrow fragments of religion, then this world will never be able to unite and can become as heaven. If we will try to change our mindset from today, then I am sure that visons of our ancestors will come true. At last, I would like to quote few lines from famous speech ” Tryst with Destiny” :

The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but so long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over. And so we have to labor and to work, and work hard, to give reality to our dreams. Those dreams are for India, but they are also for the world.

how you submitted your,i am not able to submit through website can i know plss

it was so difficult i suppose

bro when was we got before independence in1947

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Completed my schooling from Seth M.R. Jaipuria in 2019 and now pursuing Btech in Chemical Engineering from UPES, Dehradun. I love to write on new and interesting topics.

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Indian Freedom Fighter Struggle Essay - 100, 200, 500 Words

India is a democratic and liberal country. Citizens are expected to uphold their fundamental rights and perform their essential responsibilities. However, this country was not always like this. It was ruled by the Britishers for more than 200 years. India is a free country today because of the countless sacrifices made by the freedom fighters. It was because of their struggle, hard work and determination which made the Britishers leave India. Here are a few sample essays on ‘Indian Freedom Struggle’.

100 Words Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle

We know a lot about India's freedom struggle through books and movies. It's important to recognize the hard work and dedication that gave way to earning India's freedom. For hundreds of years, India and its men and women were colonized and ruled by the Britishers. Before that, India was divided into many princely states. Following the arrival of the Britishers, every Indian citizen, irrespective of class, caste and religion, came together to fight against the oppression. Freedom fighters such as Bhagat Singh, Rani Laxmi Bai, Mahatma Gandhi were some of the leaders who fought on the front lines. After years of struggle, India finally became independent on 15 August 1947.

200 Words Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle

The Indian freedom struggle was a long and arduous journey that lasted for nearly 2 centuries. It was a movement that brought together people from all walks of life, united in their desire for freedom from British colonial rule. The struggle for independence was a defining moment in India's history and had a profound impact on shaping the country's political and social landscape.

Causes Of Indian Freedom Struggle

The Indian freedom struggle was driven by a number of factors, including economic exploitation, political repression, and cultural oppression. The British East India Company, which controlled India's economy, had a monopoly on trade and imposed high taxes on Indian farmers and merchants, leading to widespread poverty and economic hardship.

In addition, British colonial rule was characterized by political repression and the denial of basic rights and freedoms to the Indian people. The British government imposed a number of laws, including the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Arms Act, which restricted the rights of Indians and curtailed their ability to organize and protest.

Moreover, the British colonial authorities imposed their culture and language on India, leading to a loss of national identity and cultural heritage among Indians. This cultural oppression was a major factor in the growth of Indian nationalism sentiment, which was a driving force behind the freedom struggle.

Indian Freedom Struggle Essay 500 Words

The struggle for Indian independence was a lengthy one that lasted close to 200 years. People from various walks of life joined the movement because they shared a goal to be free from British colonial authority. The fight for independence marked a turning point in Indian history and significantly influenced the political and social climate of the nation. Economic exploitation, political tyranny, and cultural oppression were some of the elements that fueled the Indian freedom struggle, and significant personalities and events were crucial to the country's march toward independence. The Indian freedom struggle is an inspiring reminder of the power of unity and determination in the face of oppression and injustice.

Key Events and Leaders

The Indian freedom struggle was a long and complex process that involved a number of key events and leaders. Some of the key events that shaped the struggle for independence include the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, which was the first major uprising against British rule; the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22, led by Mahatma Gandhi, which aimed to achieve independence through non-violent civil disobedience; and the Quit India Movement of 1942, which sought to force the British to leave India.

Story Of Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter who played a significant role in the Indian freedom struggle against British colonial rule. He was born in 1907 in a small village in Punjab, India, and from a young age, he was deeply influenced by the idea of freedom and the plight of the Indian people under British rule.

In 1928, Bhagat Singh and his fellow HRA members were involved in a bombing in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. The bombing was intended to be a symbolic act of protest against British rule and was not intended to cause harm to anyone. However, Bhagat Singh and his associates were arrested and charged with murder. During his trial, Bhagat Singh became a popular figure among the Indian people, and his speeches and writings were widely read and admired. He used his platform to call for freedom and justice for the Indian people and to denounce British colonial rule. Despite the widespread public support for Bhagat Singh, he was found guilty and sentenced to death.

He was hanged on March 23, 1931, at the young age of 24. His execution sparked widespread protests and demonstrations across India, and he became a symbol of the struggle for freedom and justice. Bhagat Singh's life and legacy continue to inspire people in India and around the world. He is remembered as a hero of the Indian freedom struggle and as a symbol of resistance against oppression and injustice. His selflessness, fearlessness, and commitment to the cause of freedom are a source of inspiration for many.

In conclusion, Bhagat Singh's story is an inspiring reminder of the power of one person to make a difference and change the course of history. He was a young man who was deeply moved by the plight of his people and was willing to sacrifice his own life for the cause of freedom. He continues to be a symbol of resistance and a source of inspiration for many.

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Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle – 100,200,500 Words

• Updated on  
• August 5, 2023

India was ruled by the Mughals and Britishers for many years. The British Raj lasted until August 1947. Post that, Bharat has to face the consequence of the divide-and-rule policy of the Britishers. This policy segregated the country into two parts: the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Freedom is an urge to rise up and fight against the odds to set yourself free. India has also fought courageously against the Britishers to earn Independence. Democracy and liberal feeling thriving in today’s India is the result of the Indian Freedom Struggle.

Table of Contents

• 1 What is the Indian Freedom Struggle?
• 2 Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle in 200 words
• 3.1 Major Events of the Indian Freedom Struggle

Also Read: Education and Study Abroad Journey of Mahatma Gandhi

Must Read: Significance of Independence Day

What is the Indian Freedom Struggle?

Indian Freedom Struggle was an inspiring journey for every citizen of India and it has been written in golden words in the history of India. The freedom we experience today is the courageous saga of sacrifices, relentless efforts, and unwavering determination of the freedom fighters of our land that induced the feeling of unity and strength among all the people of India. 

The Indian Freedom struggle led to a large-scale campaign which resulted in the end of British rule in India. Freedom was demanded by the Nationalists and the Congress party.

Initially, the leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, Dadahai Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale raised their voices and put forward the feelings and aspirations of freedom of the Indian masses.

Mahatma Gandhi emerged as the face of the Indian Freedom Struggle and his weapon was “non-violence” which set India free from the hold of British rule.

Also Read: Revolt of 1857

Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle in 200 words

We all have heard and read a lot about India’s Freedom Struggle through books, movies, theatre, etc. Every Indian citizen experiences a feeling of pride and respect for all those freedom fighters who struggled for Indian independence . It was all initiated in the late 1800s and lasted till 1947. Later, India became a republic in 1950. Indian men and women were colonized and ruled by the Britishers. 

Despite the diversity of the country, the Indian Freedom Struggle was the result of unity. People belonging to different castes, languages, religions, and regions undividedly fought for India’s freedom selflessly. The unity eradicated the social barriers and eventually resulted in freedom for the country.

Freedom fighters like Uddham Singh, Veer Savarkar, Tantia Tope, Bhagat Singh, Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Rani Laxmi Bai and many others had devoted their lives to the motherland. 

Mahatma Gandhi introduced the concept of Satyagraha. He believed that passive resistance and civil disobedience are influential weapons to challenge the dominating Britishers. 

Acts like Quit India Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement , and Civil Disobedience Movement have united millions of Indians in a non-violent Indian Freedom struggle. 

The Indian freedom struggle not only resulted in eradicating British rule but also inspired the whole world. Mahatma Gandhi’s principles of civil disobedience and non-violence helped other freedom movements across the globe. 

Also Read: Indian National Movement

Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle in 500 words

The Indian Freedom struggle is literally a historic journey of Independence. The story of every freedom fighter of that time is so unique and inspiring that it induces a proud feeling among every citizen of India. The seeds of freedom were sown during the 19th century and it seemed like a never-ending war. During this period India witnessed many reform movements. The hard work, dedication and sacrifice of social reformers laid the groundwork for an awakened society. 

Everyone in the country followed an identical tune of independence. In 1885, the formation of INC (Indian National Congress) indicated the beginning of a collective political movement against Britishers. The country demanded “Swaraj” i.e. self-rule and it became a ringing call resonating in the heart and minds of the masses. 

Whenever we think about freedom and independence, Mahatma Gandhi will always strike us as an undisputed leader of the Indian Freedom Struggle. His philosophy of non-violence has inspired the whole world and is followed to date. He became the guiding leader who believed Satyagraha and civil disobedience as a potent weapon to fight against British authority.

Major Events of the Indian Freedom Struggle

From 1920-1922, Mahatma Gandhi led the first large-scale mass movement against the British Raj i.e. the Non-Cooperation Movement. People boycott British educational institutions, British goods, as well as Civil services etc. This movement was suspended by the Britishers, yet it brought the masses together in the Indian Freedom Struggle. 

Another key period in the Indian Freedom Struggle was the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934). It all started with Mahatma Gandhi and his group of supporters marching to the Arabian Sea to make salt in protest of the British salt tax. People from many walks of life, including women and farmers, actively participated in this campaign.

The Quit India Movement (1942) was a turning point in India’s struggle for independence. It demanded that British authority in India be ended immediately. The British replied with persecution and brutality, but the Indian people’s tenacious spirit won over the Britishers. Several major leaders were imprisoned as a result of the campaign, and it acted as a wake-up call to the British that their rule in India was indefensible.

Many freedom fighters like Bhagat Singh, Subhash Chandra Bose, Chandrashekhar Azad and many others fought and became martyrs in Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Subhash Chandra Bose, and countless others became martyrs in the fight for freedom. Their bravery and dedication would always inspire generations.

On 15 August 1947, India became independent after a really long fight and sacrifice. Today, we all live in a democratic society, liberal in terms of thoughts as well as actions. This freedom and democracy is the dedication, hard work, unity, and sacrifice of the freedom fighters.

Thus, after a long struggle the nation celebrated freedom, as the National flag was unfurled with Jawaharlal Nehru’s iconic speech “Tryst with Destiny.” His speech echoed India’s dreams and aspirations. 

In conclusion, the freedom journey of India is an epic transformation journey from early reform movements to Mahatma Gandhi’s guidance and sacrifice of countless fighters.

Also Read: Indian History for Competitive Exams

A. Bhagat Singh, Tantia Tope, Rani Laxmi Bai, Uddham Singh, Mahatma Gandhi and others are some of the most popular freedom fighters in India.

A. Mahatma Gandhi also known as the Father of Nation is the person behind our freedom. He guided the entire nation and believed in non-violence as the biggest weapon to fight the war of freedom.

So, that was all about an Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle. Do let us know how you celebrated this Independence Day in the comment section. For more such insightful blogs stay tuned to Leverage Edu .

Kajal Thareja

Hi, I am Kajal, a pharmacy graduate, currently pursuing management and is an experienced content writer. I have 2-years of writing experience in Ed-tech (digital marketing) company. I am passionate towards writing blogs and am on the path of discovering true potential professionally in the field of content marketing. I am engaged in writing creative content for students which is simple yet creative and engaging and leaves an impact on the reader's mind.

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