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15 Hypothesis Examples

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A hypothesis is defined as a testable prediction , and is used primarily in scientific experiments as a potential or predicted outcome that scientists attempt to prove or disprove (Atkinson et al., 2021; Tan, 2022).

In my types of hypothesis article, I outlined 13 different hypotheses, including the directional hypothesis (which makes a prediction about an effect of a treatment will be positive or negative) and the associative hypothesis (which makes a prediction about the association between two variables).

This article will dive into some interesting examples of hypotheses and examine potential ways you might test each one.

Hypothesis Examples

1. “inadequate sleep decreases memory retention”.

Field: Psychology

Type: Causal Hypothesis A causal hypothesis explores the effect of one variable on another. This example posits that a lack of adequate sleep causes decreased memory retention. In other words, if you are not getting enough sleep, your ability to remember and recall information may suffer.

How to Test:

To test this hypothesis, you might devise an experiment whereby your participants are divided into two groups: one receives an average of 8 hours of sleep per night for a week, while the other gets less than the recommended sleep amount.

During this time, all participants would daily study and recall new, specific information. You’d then measure memory retention of this information for both groups using standard memory tests and compare the results.

Should the group with less sleep have statistically significant poorer memory scores, the hypothesis would be supported.

Ensuring the integrity of the experiment requires taking into account factors such as individual health differences, stress levels, and daily nutrition.

Relevant Study: Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance (Curcio, Ferrara & De Gennaro, 2006)

2. “Increase in Temperature Leads to Increase in Kinetic Energy”

Field: Physics

Type: Deductive Hypothesis The deductive hypothesis applies the logic of deductive reasoning – it moves from a general premise to a more specific conclusion. This specific hypothesis assumes that as temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles also increases – that is, when you heat something up, its particles move around more rapidly.

This hypothesis could be examined by heating a gas in a controlled environment and capturing the movement of its particles as a function of temperature.

You’d gradually increase the temperature and measure the kinetic energy of the gas particles with each increment. If the kinetic energy consistently rises with the temperature, your hypothesis gets supporting evidence.

Variables such as pressure and volume of the gas would need to be held constant to ensure validity of results.

3. “Children Raised in Bilingual Homes Develop Better Cognitive Skills”

Field: Psychology/Linguistics

Type: Comparative Hypothesis The comparative hypothesis posits a difference between two or more groups based on certain variables. In this context, you might propose that children raised in bilingual homes have superior cognitive skills compared to those raised in monolingual homes.

Testing this hypothesis could involve identifying two groups of children: those raised in bilingual homes, and those raised in monolingual homes.

Cognitive skills in both groups would be evaluated using a standard cognitive ability test at different stages of development. The examination would be repeated over a significant time period for consistency.

If the group raised in bilingual homes persistently scores higher than the other, the hypothesis would thereby be supported.

The challenge for the researcher would be controlling for other variables that could impact cognitive development, such as socio-economic status, education level of parents, and parenting styles.

Relevant Study: The cognitive benefits of being bilingual (Marian & Shook, 2012)

4. “High-Fiber Diet Leads to Lower Incidences of Cardiovascular Diseases”

Field: Medicine/Nutrition

Type: Alternative Hypothesis The alternative hypothesis suggests an alternative to a null hypothesis. In this context, the implied null hypothesis could be that diet has no effect on cardiovascular health, which the alternative hypothesis contradicts by suggesting that a high-fiber diet leads to fewer instances of cardiovascular diseases.

To test this hypothesis, a longitudinal study could be conducted on two groups of participants; one adheres to a high-fiber diet, while the other follows a diet low in fiber.

After a fixed period, the cardiovascular health of participants in both groups could be analyzed and compared. If the group following a high-fiber diet has a lower number of recorded cases of cardiovascular diseases, it would provide evidence supporting the hypothesis.

Control measures should be implemented to exclude the influence of other lifestyle and genetic factors that contribute to cardiovascular health.

Relevant Study: Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease (King, 2005)

5. “Gravity Influences the Directional Growth of Plants”

Field: Agronomy / Botany

Type: Explanatory Hypothesis An explanatory hypothesis attempts to explain a phenomenon. In this case, the hypothesis proposes that gravity affects how plants direct their growth – both above-ground (toward sunlight) and below-ground (towards water and other resources).

The testing could be conducted by growing plants in a rotating cylinder to create artificial gravity.

Observations on the direction of growth, over a specified period, can provide insights into the influencing factors. If plants consistently direct their growth in a manner that indicates the influence of gravitational pull, the hypothesis is substantiated.

It is crucial to ensure that other growth-influencing factors, such as light and water, are uniformly distributed so that only gravity influences the directional growth.

6. “The Implementation of Gamified Learning Improves Students’ Motivation”

Field: Education

Type: Relational Hypothesis The relational hypothesis describes the relation between two variables. Here, the hypothesis is that the implementation of gamified learning has a positive effect on the motivation of students.

To validate this proposition, two sets of classes could be compared: one that implements a learning approach with game-based elements, and another that follows a traditional learning approach.

The students’ motivation levels could be gauged by monitoring their engagement, performance, and feedback over a considerable timeframe.

If the students engaged in the gamified learning context present higher levels of motivation and achievement, the hypothesis would be supported.

Control measures ought to be put into place to account for individual differences, including prior knowledge and attitudes towards learning.

Relevant Study: Does educational gamification improve students’ motivation? (Chapman & Rich, 2018)

7. “Mathematics Anxiety Negatively Affects Performance”

Field: Educational Psychology

Type: Research Hypothesis The research hypothesis involves making a prediction that will be tested. In this case, the hypothesis proposes that a student’s anxiety about math can negatively influence their performance in math-related tasks.

To assess this hypothesis, researchers must first measure the mathematics anxiety levels of a sample of students using a validated instrument, such as the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale.

Then, the students’ performance in mathematics would be evaluated through standard testing. If there’s a negative correlation between the levels of math anxiety and math performance (meaning as anxiety increases, performance decreases), the hypothesis would be supported.

It would be crucial to control for relevant factors such as overall academic performance and previous mathematical achievement.

8. “Disruption of Natural Sleep Cycle Impairs Worker Productivity”

Field: Organizational Psychology

Type: Operational Hypothesis The operational hypothesis involves defining the variables in measurable terms. In this example, the hypothesis posits that disrupting the natural sleep cycle, for instance through shift work or irregular working hours, can lessen productivity among workers.

To test this hypothesis, you could collect data from workers who maintain regular working hours and those with irregular schedules.

Measuring productivity could involve examining the worker’s ability to complete tasks, the quality of their work, and their efficiency.

If workers with interrupted sleep cycles demonstrate lower productivity compared to those with regular sleep patterns, it would lend support to the hypothesis.

Consideration should be given to potential confounding variables such as job type, worker age, and overall health.

9. “Regular Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Depression”

Field: Health Psychology

Type: Predictive Hypothesis A predictive hypothesis involves making a prediction about the outcome of a study based on the observed relationship between variables. In this case, it is hypothesized that individuals who engage in regular physical activity are less likely to suffer from depression.

Longitudinal studies would suit to test this hypothesis, tracking participants’ levels of physical activity and their mental health status over time.

The level of physical activity could be self-reported or monitored, while mental health status could be assessed using standard diagnostic tools or surveys.

If data analysis shows that participants maintaining regular physical activity have a lower incidence of depression, this would endorse the hypothesis.

However, care should be taken to control other lifestyle and behavioral factors that could intervene with the results.

Relevant Study: Regular physical exercise and its association with depression (Kim, 2022)

10. “Regular Meditation Enhances Emotional Stability”

Type: Empirical Hypothesis In the empirical hypothesis, predictions are based on amassed empirical evidence . This particular hypothesis theorizes that frequent meditation leads to improved emotional stability, resonating with numerous studies linking meditation to a variety of psychological benefits.

Earlier studies reported some correlations, but to test this hypothesis directly, you’d organize an experiment where one group meditates regularly over a set period while a control group doesn’t.

Both groups’ emotional stability levels would be measured at the start and end of the experiment using a validated emotional stability assessment.

If regular meditators display noticeable improvements in emotional stability compared to the control group, the hypothesis gains credit.

You’d have to ensure a similar emotional baseline for all participants at the start to avoid skewed results.

11. “Children Exposed to Reading at an Early Age Show Superior Academic Progress”

Type: Directional Hypothesis The directional hypothesis predicts the direction of an expected relationship between variables. Here, the hypothesis anticipates that early exposure to reading positively affects a child’s academic advancement.

A longitudinal study tracking children’s reading habits from an early age and their consequent academic performance could validate this hypothesis.

Parents could report their children’s exposure to reading at home, while standardized school exam results would provide a measure of academic achievement.

If the children exposed to early reading consistently perform better acadically, it gives weight to the hypothesis.

However, it would be important to control for variables that might impact academic performance, such as socioeconomic background, parental education level, and school quality.

12. “Adopting Energy-efficient Technologies Reduces Carbon Footprint of Industries”

Field: Environmental Science

Type: Descriptive Hypothesis A descriptive hypothesis predicts the existence of an association or pattern related to variables. In this scenario, the hypothesis suggests that industries adopting energy-efficient technologies will resultantly show a reduced carbon footprint.

Global industries making use of energy-efficient technologies could track their carbon emissions over time. At the same time, others not implementing such technologies continue their regular tracking.

After a defined time, the carbon emission data of both groups could be compared. If industries that adopted energy-efficient technologies demonstrate a notable reduction in their carbon footprints, the hypothesis would hold strong.

In the experiment, you would exclude variations brought by factors such as industry type, size, and location.

13. “Reduced Screen Time Improves Sleep Quality”

Type: Simple Hypothesis The simple hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two variables, excluding any other variables from consideration. This example posits that by reducing time spent on devices like smartphones and computers, an individual should experience improved sleep quality.

A sample group would need to reduce their daily screen time for a pre-determined period. Sleep quality before and after the reduction could be measured using self-report sleep diaries and objective measures like actigraphy, monitoring movement and wakefulness during sleep.

If the data shows that sleep quality improved post the screen time reduction, the hypothesis would be validated.

Other aspects affecting sleep quality, like caffeine intake, should be controlled during the experiment.

Relevant Study: Screen time use impacts low‐income preschool children’s sleep quality, tiredness, and ability to fall asleep (Waller et al., 2021)

14. Engaging in Brain-Training Games Improves Cognitive Functioning in Elderly

Field: Gerontology

Type: Inductive Hypothesis Inductive hypotheses are based on observations leading to broader generalizations and theories. In this context, the hypothesis deduces from observed instances that engaging in brain-training games can help improve cognitive functioning in the elderly.

A longitudinal study could be conducted where an experimental group of elderly people partakes in regular brain-training games.

Their cognitive functioning could be assessed at the start of the study and at regular intervals using standard neuropsychological tests.

If the group engaging in brain-training games shows better cognitive functioning scores over time compared to a control group not playing these games, the hypothesis would be supported.

15. Farming Practices Influence Soil Erosion Rates

Type: Null Hypothesis A null hypothesis is a negative statement assuming no relationship or difference between variables. The hypothesis in this context asserts there’s no effect of different farming practices on the rates of soil erosion.

Comparing soil erosion rates in areas with different farming practices over a considerable timeframe could help test this hypothesis.

If, statistically, the farming practices do not lead to differences in soil erosion rates, the null hypothesis is accepted.

However, if marked variation appears, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning farming practices do influence soil erosion rates. It would be crucial to control for external factors like weather, soil type, and natural vegetation.

The variety of hypotheses mentioned above underscores the diversity of research constructs inherent in different fields, each with its unique purpose and way of testing.

While researchers may develop hypotheses primarily as tools to define and narrow the focus of the study, these hypotheses also serve as valuable guiding forces for the data collection and analysis procedures, making the research process more efficient and direction-focused.

Hypotheses serve as a compass for any form of academic research. The diverse examples provided, from Psychology to Educational Studies, Environmental Science to Gerontology, clearly demonstrate how certain hypotheses suit specific fields more aptly than others.

It is important to underline that although these varied hypotheses differ in their structure and methods of testing, each endorses the fundamental value of empiricism in research. Evidence-based decision making remains at the heart of scholarly inquiry, regardless of the research field, thus aligning all hypotheses to the core purpose of scientific investigation.

Testing hypotheses is an essential part of the scientific method . By doing so, researchers can either confirm their predictions, giving further validity to an existing theory, or they might uncover new insights that could potentially shift the field’s understanding of a particular phenomenon. In either case, hypotheses serve as the stepping stones for scientific exploration and discovery.

Atkinson, P., Delamont, S., Cernat, A., Sakshaug, J. W., & Williams, R. A. (2021).  SAGE research methods foundations . SAGE Publications Ltd.

Curcio, G., Ferrara, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2006). Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance.  Sleep medicine reviews ,  10 (5), 323-337.

Kim, J. H. (2022). Regular physical exercise and its association with depression: A population-based study short title: Exercise and depression.  Psychiatry Research ,  309 , 114406.

King, D. E. (2005). Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.  Molecular nutrition & food research ,  49 (6), 594-600.

Marian, V., & Shook, A. (2012, September). The cognitive benefits of being bilingual. In Cerebrum: the Dana forum on brain science (Vol. 2012). Dana Foundation.

Tan, W. C. K. (2022). Research Methods: A Practical Guide For Students And Researchers (Second Edition) . World Scientific Publishing Company.

Waller, N. A., Zhang, N., Cocci, A. H., D’Agostino, C., Wesolek‐Greenson, S., Wheelock, K., … & Resnicow, K. (2021). Screen time use impacts low‐income preschool children’s sleep quality, tiredness, and ability to fall asleep. Child: care, health and development, 47 (5), 618-626.

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• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .

Example: Hypothesis

Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .

• An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
• A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias  will affect your results.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

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Step 1. Ask a question

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2. Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.

Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

4. Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in  if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

• H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
• H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

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McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/

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Hypothesis Examples

A hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of a test. It forms the basis for designing an experiment in the scientific method . A good hypothesis is testable, meaning it makes a prediction you can check with observation or experimentation. Here are different hypothesis examples.

Null Hypothesis Examples

The null hypothesis (H 0 ) is also known as the zero-difference or no-difference hypothesis. It predicts that changing one variable ( independent variable ) will have no effect on the variable being measured ( dependent variable ). Here are null hypothesis examples:

• Plant growth is unaffected by temperature.
• If you increase temperature, then solubility of salt will increase.
• Incidence of skin cancer is unrelated to ultraviolet light exposure.
• All brands of light bulb last equally long.
• Cats have no preference for the color of cat food.
• All daisies have the same number of petals.

Sometimes the null hypothesis shows there is a suspected correlation between two variables. For example, if you think plant growth is affected by temperature, you state the null hypothesis: “Plant growth is not affected by temperature.” Why do you do this, rather than say “If you change temperature, plant growth will be affected”? The answer is because it’s easier applying a statistical test that shows, with a high level of confidence, a null hypothesis is correct or incorrect.

Research Hypothesis Examples

A research hypothesis (H 1 ) is a type of hypothesis used to design an experiment. This type of hypothesis is often written as an if-then statement because it’s easy identifying the independent and dependent variables and seeing how one affects the other. If-then statements explore cause and effect. In other cases, the hypothesis shows a correlation between two variables. Here are some research hypothesis examples:

• If you leave the lights on, then it takes longer for people to fall asleep.
• If you refrigerate apples, they last longer before going bad.
• If you keep the curtains closed, then you need less electricity to heat or cool the house (the electric bill is lower).
• If you leave a bucket of water uncovered, then it evaporates more quickly.
• Goldfish lose their color if they are not exposed to light.
• Workers who take vacations are more productive than those who never take time off.

Is It Okay to Disprove a Hypothesis?

Yes! You may even choose to write your hypothesis in such a way that it can be disproved because it’s easier to prove a statement is wrong than to prove it is right. In other cases, if your prediction is incorrect, that doesn’t mean the science is bad. Revising a hypothesis is common. It demonstrates you learned something you did not know before you conducted the experiment.

Test yourself with a Scientific Method Quiz .

• Mellenbergh, G.J. (2008). Chapter 8: Research designs: Testing of research hypotheses. In H.J. Adèr & G.J. Mellenbergh (eds.), Advising on Research Methods: A Consultant’s Companion . Huizen, The Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
• Popper, Karl R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery . Hutchinson & Co. ISBN 3-1614-8410-X.
• Schick, Theodore; Vaughn, Lewis (2002). How to think about weird things: critical thinking for a New Age . Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0-7674-2048-9.
• Tobi, Hilde; Kampen, Jarl K. (2018). “Research design: the methodology for interdisciplinary research framework”. Quality & Quantity . 52 (3): 1209–1225. doi: 10.1007/s11135-017-0513-8

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• Knowledge Base
• Methodology
• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

Published on 6 May 2022 by Shona McCombes .

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables . An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

Step 1: ask a question.

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2: Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalise more complex constructs.

Step 3: Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

Step 4: Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

Step 5: Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if … then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

Step 6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

A hypothesis is not just a guess. It should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

A research hypothesis is your proposed answer to your research question. The research hypothesis usually includes an explanation (‘ x affects y because …’).

A statistical hypothesis, on the other hand, is a mathematical statement about a population parameter. Statistical hypotheses always come in pairs: the null and alternative hypotheses. In a well-designed study , the statistical hypotheses correspond logically to the research hypothesis.

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McCombes, S. (2022, May 06). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 18 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/research-methods/hypothesis-writing/

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What Is a Hypothesis and How Do I Write One?

General Education

Think about something strange and unexplainable in your life. Maybe you get a headache right before it rains, or maybe you think your favorite sports team wins when you wear a certain color. If you wanted to see whether these are just coincidences or scientific fact, you would form a hypothesis, then create an experiment to see whether that hypothesis is true or not.

But what is a hypothesis, anyway? If you’re not sure about what a hypothesis is--or how to test for one!--you’re in the right place. This article will teach you everything you need to know about hypotheses, including: 

• Defining the term “hypothesis” 
• Providing hypothesis examples 
• Giving you tips for how to write your own hypothesis

So let’s get started!

What Is a Hypothesis?

Merriam Webster defines a hypothesis as “an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument.” In other words, a hypothesis is an educated guess . Scientists make a reasonable assumption--or a hypothesis--then design an experiment to test whether it’s true or not. Keep in mind that in science, a hypothesis should be testable. You have to be able to design an experiment that tests your hypothesis in order for it to be valid. 

As you could assume from that statement, it’s easy to make a bad hypothesis. But when you’re holding an experiment, it’s even more important that your guesses be good...after all, you’re spending time (and maybe money!) to figure out more about your observation. That’s why we refer to a hypothesis as an educated guess--good hypotheses are based on existing data and research to make them as sound as possible.

Hypotheses are one part of what’s called the scientific method .  Every (good) experiment or study is based in the scientific method. The scientific method gives order and structure to experiments and ensures that interference from scientists or outside influences does not skew the results. It’s important that you understand the concepts of the scientific method before holding your own experiment. Though it may vary among scientists, the scientific method is generally made up of six steps (in order):

• Observation
• Asking questions
• Forming a hypothesis
• Analyze the data
• Communicate your results

You’ll notice that the hypothesis comes pretty early on when conducting an experiment. That’s because experiments work best when they’re trying to answer one specific question. And you can’t conduct an experiment until you know what you’re trying to prove!

Independent and Dependent Variables 

After doing your research, you’re ready for another important step in forming your hypothesis: identifying variables. Variables are basically any factor that could influence the outcome of your experiment . Variables have to be measurable and related to the topic being studied.

There are two types of variables:  independent variables and dependent variables. I ndependent variables remain constant . For example, age is an independent variable; it will stay the same, and researchers can look at different ages to see if it has an effect on the dependent variable. 

Speaking of dependent variables... dependent variables are subject to the influence of the independent variable , meaning that they are not constant. Let’s say you want to test whether a person’s age affects how much sleep they need. In that case, the independent variable is age (like we mentioned above), and the dependent variable is how much sleep a person gets. 

Variables will be crucial in writing your hypothesis. You need to be able to identify which variable is which, as both the independent and dependent variables will be written into your hypothesis. For instance, in a study about exercise, the independent variable might be the speed at which the respondents walk for thirty minutes, and the dependent variable would be their heart rate. In your study and in your hypothesis, you’re trying to understand the relationship between the two variables.

Elements of a Good Hypothesis

The best hypotheses start by asking the right questions . For instance, if you’ve observed that the grass is greener when it rains twice a week, you could ask what kind of grass it is, what elevation it’s at, and if the grass across the street responds to rain in the same way. Any of these questions could become the backbone of experiments to test why the grass gets greener when it rains fairly frequently.

As you’re asking more questions about your first observation, make sure you’re also making more observations . If it doesn’t rain for two weeks and the grass still looks green, that’s an important observation that could influence your hypothesis. You'll continue observing all throughout your experiment, but until the hypothesis is finalized, every observation should be noted.

Finally, you should consult secondary research before writing your hypothesis . Secondary research is comprised of results found and published by other people. You can usually find this information online or at your library. Additionally, m ake sure the research you find is credible and related to your topic. If you’re studying the correlation between rain and grass growth, it would help you to research rain patterns over the past twenty years for your county, published by a local agricultural association. You should also research the types of grass common in your area, the type of grass in your lawn, and whether anyone else has conducted experiments about your hypothesis. Also be sure you’re checking the quality of your research . Research done by a middle school student about what minerals can be found in rainwater would be less useful than an article published by a local university.

Writing Your Hypothesis

Once you’ve considered all of the factors above, you’re ready to start writing your hypothesis. Hypotheses usually take a certain form when they’re written out in a research report.

When you boil down your hypothesis statement, you are writing down your best guess and not the question at hand . This means that your statement should be written as if it is fact already, even though you are simply testing it.

The reason for this is that, after you have completed your study, you'll either accept or reject your if-then or your null hypothesis. All hypothesis testing examples should be measurable and able to be confirmed or denied. You cannot confirm a question, only a statement! 

In fact, you come up with hypothesis examples all the time! For instance, when you guess on the outcome of a basketball game, you don’t say, “Will the Miami Heat beat the Boston Celtics?” but instead, “I think the Miami Heat will beat the Boston Celtics.” You state it as if it is already true, even if it turns out you’re wrong. You do the same thing when writing your hypothesis.

Additionally, keep in mind that hypotheses can range from very specific to very broad.  These hypotheses can be specific, but if your hypothesis testing examples involve a broad range of causes and effects, your hypothesis can also be broad.  

The Two Types of Hypotheses

Now that you understand what goes into a hypothesis, it’s time to look more closely at the two most common types of hypothesis: the if-then hypothesis and the null hypothesis.

#1: If-Then Hypotheses

First of all, if-then hypotheses typically follow this formula:

If ____ happens, then ____ will happen.

The goal of this type of hypothesis is to test the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variable. It’s fairly simple, and each hypothesis can vary in how detailed it can be. We create if-then hypotheses all the time with our daily predictions. Here are some examples of hypotheses that use an if-then structure from daily life: 

• If I get enough sleep, I’ll be able to get more work done tomorrow.
• If the bus is on time, I can make it to my friend’s birthday party. 
• If I study every night this week, I’ll get a better grade on my exam. 

In each of these situations, you’re making a guess on how an independent variable (sleep, time, or studying) will affect a dependent variable (the amount of work you can do, making it to a party on time, or getting better grades). 

You may still be asking, “What is an example of a hypothesis used in scientific research?” Take one of the hypothesis examples from a real-world study on whether using technology before bed affects children’s sleep patterns. The hypothesis read s:

“We hypothesized that increased hours of tablet- and phone-based screen time at bedtime would be inversely correlated with sleep quality and child attention.”

It might not look like it, but this is an if-then statement. The researchers basically said, “If children have more screen usage at bedtime, then their quality of sleep and attention will be worse.” The sleep quality and attention are the dependent variables and the screen usage is the independent variable. (Usually, the independent variable comes after the “if” and the dependent variable comes after the “then,” as it is the independent variable that affects the dependent variable.) This is an excellent example of how flexible hypothesis statements can be, as long as the general idea of “if-then” and the independent and dependent variables are present.

#2: Null Hypotheses

Your if-then hypothesis is not the only one needed to complete a successful experiment, however. You also need a null hypothesis to test it against. In its most basic form, the null hypothesis is the opposite of your if-then hypothesis . When you write your null hypothesis, you are writing a hypothesis that suggests that your guess is not true, and that the independent and dependent variables have no relationship .

One null hypothesis for the cell phone and sleep study from the last section might say: 

“If children have more screen usage at bedtime, their quality of sleep and attention will not be worse.” 

In this case, this is a null hypothesis because it’s asking the opposite of the original thesis! 

Conversely, if your if-then hypothesis suggests that your two variables have no relationship, then your null hypothesis would suggest that there is one. So, pretend that there is a study that is asking the question, “Does the amount of followers on Instagram influence how long people spend on the app?” The independent variable is the amount of followers, and the dependent variable is the time spent. But if you, as the researcher, don’t think there is a relationship between the number of followers and time spent, you might write an if-then hypothesis that reads:

“If people have many followers on Instagram, they will not spend more time on the app than people who have less.”

In this case, the if-then suggests there isn’t a relationship between the variables. In that case, one of the null hypothesis examples might say:

“If people have many followers on Instagram, they will spend more time on the app than people who have less.”

You then test both the if-then and the null hypothesis to gauge if there is a relationship between the variables, and if so, how much of a relationship. 

4 Tips to Write the Best Hypothesis

If you’re going to take the time to hold an experiment, whether in school or by yourself, you’re also going to want to take the time to make sure your hypothesis is a good one. The best hypotheses have four major elements in common: plausibility, defined concepts, observability, and general explanation.

#1: Plausibility

At first glance, this quality of a hypothesis might seem obvious. When your hypothesis is plausible, that means it’s possible given what we know about science and general common sense. However, improbable hypotheses are more common than you might think. 

Imagine you’re studying weight gain and television watching habits. If you hypothesize that people who watch more than  twenty hours of television a week will gain two hundred pounds or more over the course of a year, this might be improbable (though it’s potentially possible). Consequently, c ommon sense can tell us the results of the study before the study even begins.

Improbable hypotheses generally go against  science, as well. Take this hypothesis example: 

“If a person smokes one cigarette a day, then they will have lungs just as healthy as the average person’s.” 

This hypothesis is obviously untrue, as studies have shown again and again that cigarettes negatively affect lung health. You must be careful that your hypotheses do not reflect your own personal opinion more than they do scientifically-supported findings. This plausibility points to the necessity of research before the hypothesis is written to make sure that your hypothesis has not already been disproven.

#2: Defined Concepts

The more advanced you are in your studies, the more likely that the terms you’re using in your hypothesis are specific to a limited set of knowledge. One of the hypothesis testing examples might include the readability of printed text in newspapers, where you might use words like “kerning” and “x-height.” Unless your readers have a background in graphic design, it’s likely that they won’t know what you mean by these terms. Thus, it’s important to either write what they mean in the hypothesis itself or in the report before the hypothesis.

Here’s what we mean. Which of the following sentences makes more sense to the common person?

If the kerning is greater than average, more words will be read per minute.

If the space between letters is greater than average, more words will be read per minute.

For people reading your report that are not experts in typography, simply adding a few more words will be helpful in clarifying exactly what the experiment is all about. It’s always a good idea to make your research and findings as accessible as possible. 

Good hypotheses ensure that you can observe the results. 

#3: Observability

In order to measure the truth or falsity of your hypothesis, you must be able to see your variables and the way they interact. For instance, if your hypothesis is that the flight patterns of satellites affect the strength of certain television signals, yet you don’t have a telescope to view the satellites or a television to monitor the signal strength, you cannot properly observe your hypothesis and thus cannot continue your study.

Some variables may seem easy to observe, but if you do not have a system of measurement in place, you cannot observe your hypothesis properly. Here’s an example: if you’re experimenting on the effect of healthy food on overall happiness, but you don’t have a way to monitor and measure what “overall happiness” means, your results will not reflect the truth. Monitoring how often someone smiles for a whole day is not reasonably observable, but having the participants state how happy they feel on a scale of one to ten is more observable. 

In writing your hypothesis, always keep in mind how you'll execute the experiment.

#4: Generalizability 

Perhaps you’d like to study what color your best friend wears the most often by observing and documenting the colors she wears each day of the week. This might be fun information for her and you to know, but beyond you two, there aren’t many people who could benefit from this experiment. When you start an experiment, you should note how generalizable your findings may be if they are confirmed. Generalizability is basically how common a particular phenomenon is to other people’s everyday life.

Let’s say you’re asking a question about the health benefits of eating an apple for one day only, you need to realize that the experiment may be too specific to be helpful. It does not help to explain a phenomenon that many people experience. If you find yourself with too specific of a hypothesis, go back to asking the big question: what is it that you want to know, and what do you think will happen between your two variables?

Hypothesis Testing Examples

We know it can be hard to write a good hypothesis unless you’ve seen some good hypothesis examples. We’ve included four hypothesis examples based on some made-up experiments. Use these as templates or launch pads for coming up with your own hypotheses.

Experiment #1: Students Studying Outside (Writing a Hypothesis)

You are a student at PrepScholar University. When you walk around campus, you notice that, when the temperature is above 60 degrees, more students study in the quad. You want to know when your fellow students are more likely to study outside. With this information, how do you make the best hypothesis possible?

You must remember to make additional observations and do secondary research before writing your hypothesis. In doing so, you notice that no one studies outside when it’s 75 degrees and raining, so this should be included in your experiment. Also, studies done on the topic beforehand suggested that students are more likely to study in temperatures less than 85 degrees. With this in mind, you feel confident that you can identify your variables and write your hypotheses:

If-then: “If the temperature in Fahrenheit is less than 60 degrees, significantly fewer students will study outside.”

Null: “If the temperature in Fahrenheit is less than 60 degrees, the same number of students will study outside as when it is more than 60 degrees.”

These hypotheses are plausible, as the temperatures are reasonably within the bounds of what is possible. The number of people in the quad is also easily observable. It is also not a phenomenon specific to only one person or at one time, but instead can explain a phenomenon for a broader group of people.

To complete this experiment, you pick the month of October to observe the quad. Every day (except on the days where it’s raining)from 3 to 4 PM, when most classes have released for the day, you observe how many people are on the quad. You measure how many people come  and how many leave. You also write down the temperature on the hour. 

After writing down all of your observations and putting them on a graph, you find that the most students study on the quad when it is 70 degrees outside, and that the number of students drops a lot once the temperature reaches 60 degrees or below. In this case, your research report would state that you accept or “failed to reject” your first hypothesis with your findings.

Experiment #2: The Cupcake Store (Forming a Simple Experiment)

Let’s say that you work at a bakery. You specialize in cupcakes, and you make only two colors of frosting: yellow and purple. You want to know what kind of customers are more likely to buy what kind of cupcake, so you set up an experiment. Your independent variable is the customer’s gender, and the dependent variable is the color of the frosting. What is an example of a hypothesis that might answer the question of this study?

Here’s what your hypotheses might look like: 

If-then: “If customers’ gender is female, then they will buy more yellow cupcakes than purple cupcakes.”

Null: “If customers’ gender is female, then they will be just as likely to buy purple cupcakes as yellow cupcakes.”

This is a pretty simple experiment! It passes the test of plausibility (there could easily be a difference), defined concepts (there’s nothing complicated about cupcakes!), observability (both color and gender can be easily observed), and general explanation ( this would potentially help you make better business decisions ).

Experiment #3: Backyard Bird Feeders (Integrating Multiple Variables and Rejecting the If-Then Hypothesis)

While watching your backyard bird feeder, you realized that different birds come on the days when you change the types of seeds. You decide that you want to see more cardinals in your backyard, so you decide to see what type of food they like the best and set up an experiment. 

However, one morning, you notice that, while some cardinals are present, blue jays are eating out of your backyard feeder filled with millet. You decide that, of all of the other birds, you would like to see the blue jays the least. This means you'll have more than one variable in your hypothesis. Your new hypotheses might look like this: 

If-then: “If sunflower seeds are placed in the bird feeders, then more cardinals will come than blue jays. If millet is placed in the bird feeders, then more blue jays will come than cardinals.”

Null: “If either sunflower seeds or millet are placed in the bird, equal numbers of cardinals and blue jays will come.”

Through simple observation, you actually find that cardinals come as often as blue jays when sunflower seeds or millet is in the bird feeder. In this case, you would reject your “if-then” hypothesis and “fail to reject” your null hypothesis . You cannot accept your first hypothesis, because it’s clearly not true. Instead you found that there was actually no relation between your different variables. Consequently, you would need to run more experiments with different variables to see if the new variables impact the results.

Experiment #4: In-Class Survey (Including an Alternative Hypothesis)

You’re about to give a speech in one of your classes about the importance of paying attention. You want to take this opportunity to test a hypothesis you’ve had for a while: 

If-then: If students sit in the first two rows of the classroom, then they will listen better than students who do not.

Null: If students sit in the first two rows of the classroom, then they will not listen better or worse than students who do not.

You give your speech and then ask your teacher if you can hand out a short survey to the class. On the survey, you’ve included questions about some of the topics you talked about. When you get back the results, you’re surprised to see that not only do the students in the first two rows not pay better attention, but they also scored worse than students in other parts of the classroom! Here, both your if-then and your null hypotheses are not representative of your findings. What do you do?

This is when you reject both your if-then and null hypotheses and instead create an alternative hypothesis . This type of hypothesis is used in the rare circumstance that neither of your hypotheses is able to capture your findings . Now you can use what you’ve learned to draft new hypotheses and test again! 

Key Takeaways: Hypothesis Writing

The more comfortable you become with writing hypotheses, the better they will become. The structure of hypotheses is flexible and may need to be changed depending on what topic you are studying. The most important thing to remember is the purpose of your hypothesis and the difference between the if-then and the null . From there, in forming your hypothesis, you should constantly be asking questions, making observations, doing secondary research, and considering your variables. After you have written your hypothesis, be sure to edit it so that it is plausible, clearly defined, observable, and helpful in explaining a general phenomenon.

Writing a hypothesis is something that everyone, from elementary school children competing in a science fair to professional scientists in a lab, needs to know how to do. Hypotheses are vital in experiments and in properly executing the scientific method . When done correctly, hypotheses will set up your studies for success and help you to understand the world a little better, one experiment at a time.

What’s Next?

If you’re studying for the science portion of the ACT, there’s definitely a lot you need to know. We’ve got the tools to help, though! Start by checking out our ultimate study guide for the ACT Science subject test. Once you read through that, be sure to download our recommended ACT Science practice tests , since they’re one of the most foolproof ways to improve your score. (And don’t forget to check out our expert guide book , too.)

If you love science and want to major in a scientific field, you should start preparing in high school . Here are the science classes you should take to set yourself up for success.

If you’re trying to think of science experiments you can do for class (or for a science fair!), here’s a list of 37 awesome science experiments you can do at home

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Ashley Sufflé Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams.

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HYPOTHESIS in a Sentence Examples: 21 Ways to Use Hypothesis

Have you ever wondered what a “hypothesis” is and how it fits into the scientific method? A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or educated guess that can be tested through research and experimentation to determine its validity.

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7 Examples Of Hypothesis Used In a Sentence For Kids

14 sentences with hypothesis examples, how to use hypothesis in sentences.

Hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction that can be tested through observation or experimentation. When incorporating this term into a sentence, it is important to clearly identify it so readers can understand its significance.

Here are some tips on how to use hypothesis effectively in a sentence:

Clearly state your hypothesis in a simple and concise manner. For example, “The scientist’s hypothesis is that plants will grow faster with added sunlight.”

Make sure to refer back to your hypothesis when discussing the results of your experiment. For example, “The data supported our initial hypothesis that exercise leads to improved cardiovascular health.”

By following these guidelines, you can effectively incorporate hypothesis into your writing to communicate your predictions or expectations clearly and accurately.

In conclusion, sentences with the keyword “hypothesis” often express a proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through research or observation. These sentences play a crucial role in scientific inquiry by guiding investigations and exploring relationships between variables. For example, “The researchers formulated a hypothesis to predict the effect of sunlight on plant growth” demonstrates how hypotheses are used to frame a study’s objectives and outcomes.

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• National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - On the scope of scientific hypotheses
• LiveScience - What is a scientific hypothesis?
• The Royal Society - Open Science - On the scope of scientific hypotheses

scientific hypothesis , an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. The two primary features of a scientific hypothesis are falsifiability and testability, which are reflected in an “If…then” statement summarizing the idea and in the ability to be supported or refuted through observation and experimentation. The notion of the scientific hypothesis as both falsifiable and testable was advanced in the mid-20th century by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper .

The formulation and testing of a hypothesis is part of the scientific method , the approach scientists use when attempting to understand and test ideas about natural phenomena. The generation of a hypothesis frequently is described as a creative process and is based on existing scientific knowledge, intuition , or experience. Therefore, although scientific hypotheses commonly are described as educated guesses, they actually are more informed than a guess. In addition, scientists generally strive to develop simple hypotheses, since these are easier to test relative to hypotheses that involve many different variables and potential outcomes. Such complex hypotheses may be developed as scientific models ( see scientific modeling ).

Depending on the results of scientific evaluation, a hypothesis typically is either rejected as false or accepted as true. However, because a hypothesis inherently is falsifiable, even hypotheses supported by scientific evidence and accepted as true are susceptible to rejection later, when new evidence has become available. In some instances, rather than rejecting a hypothesis because it has been falsified by new evidence, scientists simply adapt the existing idea to accommodate the new information. In this sense a hypothesis is never incorrect but only incomplete.

The investigation of scientific hypotheses is an important component in the development of scientific theory . Hence, hypotheses differ fundamentally from theories; whereas the former is a specific tentative explanation and serves as the main tool by which scientists gather data, the latter is a broad general explanation that incorporates data from many different scientific investigations undertaken to explore hypotheses.

Countless hypotheses have been developed and tested throughout the history of science . Several examples include the idea that living organisms develop from nonliving matter, which formed the basis of spontaneous generation , a hypothesis that ultimately was disproved (first in 1668, with the experiments of Italian physician Francesco Redi , and later in 1859, with the experiments of French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur ); the concept proposed in the late 19th century that microorganisms cause certain diseases (now known as germ theory ); and the notion that oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain zones and spreads laterally away from them ( seafloor spreading hypothesis ).

What Is a Hypothesis? (Science)

If...,Then...

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• Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville
• B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College

A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for an observation. The definition depends on the subject.

In science, a hypothesis is part of the scientific method. It is a prediction or explanation that is tested by an experiment. Observations and experiments may disprove a scientific hypothesis, but can never entirely prove one.

In the study of logic, a hypothesis is an if-then proposition, typically written in the form, "If X , then Y ."

In common usage, a hypothesis is simply a proposed explanation or prediction, which may or may not be tested.

Writing a Hypothesis

Most scientific hypotheses are proposed in the if-then format because it's easy to design an experiment to see whether or not a cause and effect relationship exists between the independent variable and the dependent variable . The hypothesis is written as a prediction of the outcome of the experiment.

Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis

Statistically, it's easier to show there is no relationship between two variables than to support their connection. So, scientists often propose the null hypothesis . The null hypothesis assumes changing the independent variable will have no effect on the dependent variable.

In contrast, the alternative hypothesis suggests changing the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable. Designing an experiment to test this hypothesis can be trickier because there are many ways to state an alternative hypothesis.

For example, consider a possible relationship between getting a good night's sleep and getting good grades. The null hypothesis might be stated: "The number of hours of sleep students get is unrelated to their grades" or "There is no correlation between hours of sleep and grades."

An experiment to test this hypothesis might involve collecting data, recording average hours of sleep for each student and grades. If a student who gets eight hours of sleep generally does better than students who get four hours of sleep or 10 hours of sleep, the hypothesis might be rejected.

But the alternative hypothesis is harder to propose and test. The most general statement would be: "The amount of sleep students get affects their grades." The hypothesis might also be stated as "If you get more sleep, your grades will improve" or "Students who get nine hours of sleep have better grades than those who get more or less sleep."

In an experiment, you can collect the same data, but the statistical analysis is less likely to give you a high confidence limit.

Usually, a scientist starts out with the null hypothesis. From there, it may be possible to propose and test an alternative hypothesis, to narrow down the relationship between the variables.

Example of a Hypothesis

Examples of a hypothesis include:

• If you drop a rock and a feather, (then) they will fall at the same rate.
• Plants need sunlight in order to live. (if sunlight, then life)
• Eating sugar gives you energy. (if sugar, then energy)
• White, Jay D.  Research in Public Administration . Conn., 1998.
• Schick, Theodore, and Lewis Vaughn.  How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age . McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002.
• Scientific Method Flow Chart
• Six Steps of the Scientific Method
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• What Are Examples of a Hypothesis?
• What Is a Testable Hypothesis?
• Null Hypothesis Examples
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• Scientific Variable
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• What Is an Experimental Constant?
• What Is a Controlled Experiment?
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• The Role of a Controlled Variable in an Experiment

How to Use hypothesis in a Sentence

• The results of the experiment did not support his hypothesis .
• Their hypothesis is that watching excessive amounts of television reduces a person's ability to concentrate.
• Other chemists rejected his hypothesis .

Some of these examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'hypothesis.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Hypothesis in a Sentence  🔊

Definition of Hypothesis

a proposed explanation or theory that is studied through scientific testing

Examples of Hypothesis in a sentence

The scientist’s hypothesis did not stand up, since research data was inconsistent with his guess.  🔊

Each student gave a hypothesis and theorized which plant would grow the tallest during the study.  🔊

A hypothesis was presented by the panel, giving a likely explanation for why the trial medicine didn’t seem to have much of an effect on the patients.  🔊

During the study, the researcher changed her hypothesis to a new assumption that fit with current data.  🔊

To confirm his hypothesis on why the dolphin wasn’t eating, the marine biologists did several tests over a week’s time.  🔊

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What is a Hypothesis?

Table of Contents

Defining the hypothesis, the role of a hypothesis in the scientific method, types of hypotheses, hypothesis formulation, hypotheses and variables.

• The Importance of Testing Hypotheses
• The Hypothesis and Sociological Theory

In sociology, as in other scientific disciplines, the hypothesis serves as a crucial building block for research. It is a central element that directs the inquiry and provides a framework for testing the relationships between social phenomena. This article will explore what a hypothesis is, how it is formulated, and its role within the broader scientific method. By understanding the hypothesis, students of sociology can grasp how sociologists construct and test theories about the social world.

A hypothesis is a specific, testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It acts as a proposed explanation or prediction based on limited evidence, which researchers then test through empirical investigation. In essence, it is a statement that can be supported or refuted by data gathered from observation, experimentation, or other forms of systematic inquiry. The hypothesis typically takes the form of an “if-then” statement: if one variable changes, then another will change in response.

In sociological research, a hypothesis helps to focus the investigation by offering a clear proposition that can be tested. For instance, a sociologist might hypothesize that an increase in education levels leads to a decrease in crime rates. This hypothesis gives the researcher a direction, guiding them to collect data on education and crime, and analyze the relationship between the two variables. By doing so, the hypothesis serves as a tool for making sense of complex social phenomena.

The hypothesis is a key component of the scientific method, which is the systematic process by which sociologists and other scientists investigate the world. The scientific method begins with an observation of the world, followed by the formulation of a question or problem. Based on prior knowledge, theory, or preliminary observations, researchers then develop a hypothesis, which predicts an outcome or proposes a relationship between variables.

Once a hypothesis is established, researchers gather data to test it. If the data supports the hypothesis, it may be used to build a broader theory or to further refine the understanding of the social phenomenon in question. If the data contradicts the hypothesis, researchers may revise their hypothesis or abandon it altogether, depending on the strength of the evidence. In either case, the hypothesis helps to organize the research process, ensuring that it remains focused and methodologically sound.

In sociology, this method is particularly important because the social world is highly complex. Researchers must navigate a vast range of variables—age, gender, class, race, education, and countless others—that interact in unpredictable ways. A well-constructed hypothesis allows sociologists to narrow their focus to a manageable set of variables, making the investigation more precise and efficient.

Sociologists use different types of hypotheses, depending on the nature of their research question and the methods they plan to use. Broadly speaking, hypotheses can be classified into two main types: null hypotheses and alternative (or research) hypotheses.

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis, denoted as H0, states that there is no relationship between the variables being studied. It is a default assumption that any observed differences or relationships are due to random chance rather than a real underlying cause. In research, the null hypothesis serves as a point of comparison. Researchers collect data to see if the results allow them to reject the null hypothesis in favor of an alternative explanation.

For example, a sociologist studying the relationship between income and political participation might propose a null hypothesis that income has no effect on political participation. The goal of the research would then be to determine whether this null hypothesis can be rejected based on the data. If the data shows a significant correlation between income and political participation, the null hypothesis would be rejected.

Alternative Hypothesis

The alternative hypothesis, denoted as H1 or Ha, proposes that there is a significant relationship between the variables. This is the hypothesis that researchers aim to support with their data. In contrast to the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis predicts a specific direction or effect. For example, a researcher might hypothesize that higher levels of education lead to greater political engagement. In this case, the alternative hypothesis is proposing a positive correlation between the two variables.

The alternative hypothesis is the one that guides the research design, as it directs the researcher toward gathering evidence that will either support or refute the predicted relationship. The research process is structured around testing this hypothesis and determining whether the evidence is strong enough to reject the null hypothesis.

The process of formulating a hypothesis is both an art and a science. It requires a deep understanding of the social phenomena under investigation, as well as a clear sense of what is possible to observe and measure. Hypothesis formulation is closely linked to the theoretical framework that guides the research. Sociologists draw on existing theories to generate hypotheses, ensuring that their predictions are grounded in established knowledge.

To formulate a good hypothesis, a researcher must identify the key variables and determine how they are expected to relate to one another. Variables are the factors or characteristics that are being measured in a study. In sociology, these variables often include social attributes such as class, race, gender, age, education, and income, as well as behavioral variables like voting, criminal activity, or social participation.

For example, a sociologist studying the effects of social media on self-esteem might propose the following hypothesis: “Increased time spent on social media leads to lower levels of self-esteem among adolescents.” Here, the independent variable is the time spent on social media, and the dependent variable is the level of self-esteem. The hypothesis predicts a negative relationship between the two variables: as time spent on social media increases, self-esteem decreases.

A strong hypothesis has several key characteristics. It should be clear and specific, meaning that it unambiguously states the relationship between the variables. It should also be testable, meaning that it can be supported or refuted through empirical investigation. Finally, it should be grounded in theory, meaning that it is based on existing knowledge about the social phenomenon in question.

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Examples of “Hypothesis” In A Sentence

The hypothesis is a very important part of doing science and thinking carefully. It is like the strong supporting structure of a building for the process of research. A hypothesis is a clever guess or idea that can be tested to see if it is true or not. It helps us understand things or predict what might happen. In this article, we will look at many examples of ‘hypothesis’ in sentences .

Table of Contents

Sentences with Hypothesis

• Hypothesis : The sun rises in the east.
• They formulated a null hypothesis to compare against the alternative.
• We need to revise the original hypothesis .
• They discussed the hypothesis with colleagues in their field.
• They formulated competing hypotheses to compare and contrast the findings.
• The students generated multiple hypotheses for their investigation.
• The hypothesis was generated from observations.
• The hypothesis is the starting point of scientific investigation.
• The researchers tested the hypothesis using various methodologies.
• We need to investigate the hypothesis
• The hypothesis needs more evidence to be proven.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to flaws in the experimental design.
• They tested the hypothesis using computer simulations.
• The team tested the hypothesis using advanced technology.
• The hypothesis was derived from logical reasoning.
• They conducted surveys to gather data for their hypotheses .
• They proposed alternative hypotheses for further exploration.
• The hypothesis was consistent with data from other studies.
• The hypothesis was based on logical reasoning.
• The hypothesis was supported by the statistical analysis.

Sentences with “Hypothesis”

• The hypothesis was proven incorrect.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to lack of evidence.
• They discussed the hypothesis with their peers.
• The hypothesis was proposed based on logical deductions.
• The hypothesis was validated through rigorous peer review.
• The team discussed potential hypotheses during brainstorming sessions.
• They discussed the limitations of their hypothesis
• The students proposed various hypotheses for the investigation.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by independent replication studies.
• The students formed testable hypotheses for their projects.
• They used a control group to test their hypothesis .
• The hypothesis was formulated as a cause-and-effect relationship.
• The hypothesis was supported by the literature review.
• Scientists test their hypotheses through experiments.
• The hypothesis was proposed based on observations in nature.
• They analyzed the data to validate the hypothesis .
• They designed the experiment to test the hypothesis
• The hypothesis was based on previous research findings.
• They revised the hypothesis based on constructive feedback.
• They presented their hypotheses at a research symposium.
• They conducted experiments to test their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was supported by a large and diverse sample.
• The researchers tested the hypothesis using a variety of methodologies.
• They conducted surveys to gather data that supported their hypothesis .
• The team formulated new hypotheses for future investigations.
• The hypothesis was consistent with experimental results.

“Hypothesis” Use in Sentence

• They discussed the implications of the hypothesis on their field.
• The researchers discussed the implications of their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was derived from careful observation and analysis.
• The team developed alternative hypotheses for further investigation.
• They presented their hypotheses to the research community.
• The hypothesis was based on a comprehensive review of the literature.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong logical reasoning.
• They discussed the implications of their hypothesis for future research.
• The hypothesis was based on a well-established scientific theory.
• The researchers tested their hypotheses using different methodologies.
• The hypothesis was supported by empirical evidence.
• The researchers evaluated their hypotheses
• The hypothesis was disproven by contradictory evidence.
• The researchers discussed the limitations of their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was based on a well-established theory.
• The hypothesis was supported by a large sample size.
• The hypothesis was consistent with patterns observed in nature.
• They proposed new hypotheses for future investigation.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by the results of the study.
• The hypothesis guided the research process.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong scientific consensus.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to methodological limitations.
• The researchers proposed several hypotheses to explain the phenomenon.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by multiple researchers in the field.
• The hypothesis was validated through multiple studies.

Sentences Using “Hypothesis”

• The researchers conducted experiments to test their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was based on observations from nature.
• The hypothesis was supported by a wide range of evidence.
• They formed competing hypotheses to compare.
• Scientists often revise their hypotheses based on new data.
• They conducted experiments to support their hypotheses .
• The team discussed their hypothesis during the meeting.
• The students discussed their hypotheses in class.
• They developed a new hypothesis based on recent findings.
• They discussed the hypothesis with other experts in the field.
• The hypothesis was supported by a significant p-value.
• The hypothesis was generated from real-world observations.
• Mary’s hypothesis was supported by the data.
• They tested their hypotheses across different populations.
• The researchers tested multiple hypotheses to find the answer.
• They presented their hypothesis at a scientific conference.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong evidence.
• They presented their hypotheses in a clear and concise manner.
• The researchers proposed a working hypothesis to start their study.
• The team discussed the hypothesis during the brainstorming session.
• The researchers proposed different hypotheses for the observed behavior.
• The hypothesis is a crucial part of any scientific study.
• The hypothesis was refuted by the experimental results.

“Hypothesis” Sentences Examples

• We need to gather more data to test the hypothesis .
• The hypothesis was consistent with existing theories.
• The hypothesis was supported by a strong theoretical framework.
• The hypothesis was based on previous studies.
• They formulated a null hypothesis as the default assumption.
• The hypothesis was consistent with theoretical predictions.
• The hypothesis was based on prior knowledge.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong experimental data.
• The team formed a new hypothesis after analyzing the data.
• The hypothesis was consistent with the findings of previous studies.
• The hypothesis was rejected due to methodological flaws.
• The hypothesis was proven right after extensive testing.
• The hypothesis was consistent with real-world observations.
• The team tested their hypothesis in different conditions.
• The hypothesis was consistent with the predictions.
• The students generated their hypotheses for the experiment.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by multiple independent studies.
• The hypothesis was tested using a randomized controlled trial.
• They formulated a null hypothesis to compare against.
• The hypothesis was based on inductive reasoning.
• The hypothesis was validated through repeated experiments.
• The hypothesis guided the design of the experiment.
• They used statistical analysis to validate the hypothesis .
• The researchers discussed the implications of their hypothesis on society.
• They revised the hypothesis based on feedback from experts.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by expert analysis.
• Hypotheses are essential in the scientific method.
• Lisa proposed an interesting hypothesis for her project.
• They analyzed the data to support their hypothesis .
• The hypothesis was supported by compelling arguments.
• They conducted interviews to explore their hypotheses .

Use “Hypothesis” In A Sentence

• Sarah formulated a new hypothesis for her research.
• The hypothesis was confirmed by the experiment.
• The hypothesis was generated from prior observations.
• They conducted surveys to test their hypotheses .
• The hypothesis was supported by well-documented experimental results.
• The hypothesis was supported by strong correlations.
• The hypothesis was proposed after reviewing the literature.
• They proposed a working hypothesis to guide their study.
• The hypothesis was consistent with the observed results.
• They proposed alternative hypotheses for future exploration.
• The hypothesis was validated through rigorous statistical methods.
• The researchers tested their hypotheses
• John’s hypothesis led to groundbreaking discoveries.
• The hypothesis was supported by statistical significance.
• The researchers formulated a null hypothesis to compare against.
• The hypothesis was supported by theoretical predictions.
• They formed competing hypotheses to compare and contrast.
• The hypothesis was consistent with historical data.
• The hypothesis was supported by multiple lines of evidence.
• The hypothesis was revised based on feedback from reviewers.
• The scientists formulated a specific hypothesis to test.
• The hypothesis was based on empirical data.

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What's the opposite of Meaning of the word Words that rhyme with Sentences with the word Translate to Find Words Use * for blank tiles (max 2) Use * for blank spaces Find the of Pronounce the word in Find Names     Appearance ✓ Use device theme   ✓ Dark theme ✓ Light theme in a sentence ? Here are some examples. is incoherent for deep metaphysical and empirical reasons. To test this could throw useful light on seasonal regulation of northern insects. In 1915, with his theory of general relativity, Einstein extended this to include gravitation. Democracies work well, and my is that this is because people in the mass have a different kind of intelligence at work. To test this , we established 20 X 30 m field plots of lima beans with many pods and with few pods. However, this has never been systematically tested using mortuary data from sites representing this time period. Saccheri then studied the of the acute angle and derived many theorems of non-Euclidean geometry without realising what he was doing. They may not have given sufficient weight to two other factors, one an arguable and the other a central fact of British politics. This NY Times article describes Dr. Amar J. S. Klar's that there is a specific dominant gene that causes right-handedness. Einstein used Planck's quantum to describe the electromagnetic radiation of light. For, even by his simplistic , it is difficult to tell in which half Floyd lies. You start with the that an applicant is serving a life sentence. One of my objections to the has been that it's hard to rationalize, mechanistically. My hypothesis that the watch is in your pocket because you stole it, is not an ad hoc . According to the heterotroph , hydrogen was not a chief component of the atmosphere when life began. This provides a rationale for a respecting adstrate development in the area. Further data of the energetic cost of breeding for males and females of other ratite species would be valuable for testing that . They do not lend themselves, as entities or wholes, to scientific testing. This contradicts the view that people fight to secure control over environmental riches. Where the influence of a stream or river is possible, even of short duration, that should be considered. If you're looking for a , it may be interesting to document how different antenna lengths impact radio reception. The segmented market explains the yield curve's shape in terms of relative supply and demand for securities at different maturities. This needs to be tested by using long acting and short acting antimalarials and studying their effect on immune responses. With the growth of anatomical knowledge, the literal of the morbidly wandering womb became increasingly untenable. Evolutionary biologists call this phenomenon, in which an organism evolves just to stay in place, the Red Queen . This, of course, is all debatable as well, but it at least seems like a working . Take the case of accepting something as a working or for the sake of argument. The wrangler has no to establish or no concern for truth but the only aim is to create doubt regarding well established facts. Our secondary was that relapse rates would be same in the two treatment regimens. Our data support the that bone lead may be mobilized during pregnancy and lactation. Our study supports the of allogenic coexistence of American beech and sugar maple in Warren Woods. This phylogenetic had been held valid until it was recently reinvestigated. But detailed examination of Yanomami ecology failed to support Harris's . If, however, we adopt the second , we have to inquire only as to the relation between cause and effect. We used the test with Yates's correction to avoid spurious rejection of the null when expectations are too small. I pondered the significance of this statement before agreeing, yes, his may prove correct. She had covered most of the distance when the light turned amber, then green, thus confirming her . This has led to the that this treatment may be helpful in dampening that lateralized hyperexcitability. In other work, I have used the inverted spectrum as an argument against functionalism and representationism. This study supported the that plateau zokor kept their gut capacity stable in the natural environment. Thus, testing the developed in this paper remains a future research objective. Our results provide further support for the that the male genital tract may serve as a reservoir of HPV infection. A third is that depression occurs through the same biologic mechanisms as the underlying disease. Nonetheless, the circadian clock of plants is currently being dissected and this evidence may be helpful for formation. Scientists can't check Ohno's by watching the DVD of the Y's life story, complete with quadraphonic sound. This well explains why even the same cave has different patterns of calving and different chisel marks. The foregoing is not to say that Newton does not appreciate the fact that a phylogenetic can be important in biogeography. He concluded that the only tenable for the horse's abilities was that the horse was telepathic. I think I mostly agree with Chris's , albeit with a couple of important qualifications. Although these results do not definitively pinpoint the source of the steps, they confirm the earlier that shortening is quantal. Carried to its extreme, this suggests that at one time all the matter of the universe was compacted together. If this should be mistaken, there still remains a curious mystery here. During a short tea break, Dyson had connected quantum physics with the Riemann . All that was necessary to test that was to get on a ship and go to one of these uncharted areas and see. There are some other small details militating against the jogging . Finally, we propose a biogeographical of speciation events within the N. mediocris species complex. According to this , the profit was to be found in the saving in transport and tariffs. These ideas were largely a carry over from Edward Forbes in the late 1800's, who proposed the azoic for the deep sea. A long-discredited to explain this holds that substituting carbs and sugar for fat is a bad trade-off. The other major invokes particle charging interactions of either an inductive or microphysical nature. Ostrom introduced the cursorial predator of the origin of avian flight. In part, the involved tiny grains of the naturally magnetic mineral magnetite, which is commonly found in basalt. Unlike my , she speaks in her baroque and breathless way not only when upset or anxious but also when she is up and effusive. It is a simple chemical, and a viable is that autointoxication by similar molecules may cause sporadic diseases. The is that autistics fail at holistic processing of an image, instead remaining focused on its individual parts. In this , the silts form by aeolian abrasion and attrition of sand grains and by rock-weathering processes. Confirming Frank's involves not only undercooling the right material, but also measuring its atomic structure. The analysis presented here shows that filling in some blanks in the current matrix will not overturn the optimal it supports. Furthermore, our measurements of 10 atm of adhesion pressure strongly contradict the suction . The of this study was that variation in observed plant associations were correlated with variations in soil properties. However, he insisted that figure was a and that the final toll was not expected for several weeks. A possible is that he and his allies did not reveal the existence of 60 Armalite rifles to the IRA's Belfast Brigade leaders. Voltinism bears on the , especially in regard to T2 species, in two respects. It is biogeochemistry that lends substance to the that Ediacaran and Cambrian faunas are separated by mass extinction. Other studies also have concluded that tissue allocation does not adequately explain control of growth of Arctic geese. The idea was to test his exchange rate in a tightly specified model. This is based on lithological variations in lacustrine rocks from eastern China, but there is a large degree of uncertainty with this . This biogenetic indicates an alternative pathway to produce these metabolites, leading to a new class of indole alkaloids. If evidence is to be found to support such a , it will be by examining patterns of genomic organization. Therefore, the collapse is not self-consistent with the initial scaling and consequently is incorrect. However, such a is again unable to explain the selective maintenance of alleles in humans. The multidimensionality of racial identity and its impact on the various communication dimensions of classroom learning led to the following research question and . To test this in the two fossil species, I measured eight aspects of 60 astragali from UCMP locality 1100, the type locality of S. nevadanus. For the most part, these questions should be held in abeyance until other researchers either validate or disprove the outlined in the present study. One is the dual coding that imaginal and verbal codes are mnemonically independent and, therefore, additive in their effects on item memory. The first assumes that triploidy is associated with the origin of parthenogenesis and that both diploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic forms are derived. Similarly, the initial is often way off base and this subtly drives home the fact that whilst these people are supremely good at their jobs, no one is perfect. The results of analysis of the amphimictic progenies confirmed the proposed earlier that the development of black patches in koi is controlled by one dominant gene. The present paper investigates the that accumulation of metal ions from soils by terricolous mosses is important in ameliorating SO 2 toxicity. Furthermore, in no other lepospondyl is the parietal foramen found on the parietal-postparietal suture, as would be required following McGinnis' . A few years ago, some molecular embryology data on amphioxus have revived the long forgotten that the ancestor of coelomates was a segmented animal. He developed a for their formation called pediplanation in which slopes retreat parallel, leaving behind a series of generally flat surfaces separated by scarps. Another, more speculative is that perhaps fungi, which live within the roots of many distantly related plants, served as a conduit for the jumping genes. A popular theory is the Red Queen , named after the Lewis Carroll character who tells Alice that she must keep running simply to stay in the same place. This result is contrary to our that the pollination-dependent detrimental fitness effects of clipping were caused by increased self-pollination in damaged plants. The Minoans were not Greek and spoke the Cypriot language and so the established was that there was some relation between Linear A and B and the Cypriot script. There are many objections to this , but it may explain why the hazards of cardiovascular risk are synergistic or multiplicative rather than just additive. A third is based on the idea that resident and migratory species may use different strategies to acquire territories and breeding opportunities. According to the proponents of the silvicultural , several processes combined to make forests increasingly vulnerable to budworm outbreaks. Bloom says we ought to think of truth as resembling a scientific that helps us hold together our bits of knowledge. Though researchers have struggled to understand exactly what contributes to this gender difference, Dr. Rohan has one . He talks with doctors and scientists who study cognition, and cites a raft of research that bolsters his . An alternative was suggested to me years ago by a veteran China-watcher. The angle between Mars and the line of apsides is greater than 90 degrees in the unbisected vicarious , and less than 90 degrees in the bisected version. In yet another scenario, the so-called binary planet, or co-accretion, , the Earth and the Moon all formed at the same time by the accretion of small bodies. It can be used as an approximative measure of support for one or the other model and, therefore, allows estimating the evidence in favor of one or the other . So if the zombie is correct, physicalism is false. This is in accord with rational choice theory, which suggests that criminals think rationally and strategically to accrue the benefits of their crime. There were no accurate measurements of the weather to call upon during this time but the discovery and colonization of Greenland by Eric the Red supports this . Old, numerous and bipartisan are the tales that corroborate this dreary . To test this , the researchers drilled a series of wells downstream from where they dripped the acetate and periodically took water samples. One is that they actually alter the chemical composition of the atmosphere, thus playing a role in ozone depletion and the climate on Earth. I'll float the even if I don't hold with it for one moment. So there's no evidence, mechanistically, on either side of the . Finding that the isotopes of neon have atomic weights that are whole numbers vindicated Prout's that hydrogen was the basis for all the elements. For the latter taxa, an alternative would imply the iterative invasion of shelf habitats by morphologically conservative populations from shallow refugia. Their is that watching excessive amounts of television reduces a person's ability to concentrate. However, the style of the ascriptions of works to Philips in the section devoted to instrumental works may be an important clue in support of the . In spite of its arbitrariness, that had a singular fortune, for it dominated Western thought in one form or another almost until the eighteenth century. The scientist James Lovelock named his influential theory of global interconnectedness the gaia after her. Again, the bioacoustic idea is still a , one that has to be carefully tested in a lab. As early as 1850, however, a new of the rat's origins was beginning to develop. A coastal east Asian source population is integral to the marine migration . The is based on similarities between European Solutrean and Clovis lithic technologies. However, a 2008 article in the American Journal of Human Genetics by researchers in Brazil took up the argument against the Solutrean . It is described as possibly being the oldest art object yet found in the Americas and may yet provide hope for the Solutrean . Professional historians contend that Zheng He reached the eastern coast of Africa, and dismiss Menzies's as entirely without proof. On the second question, no definite consensus has been formed, and the intentional discovery lacks solid proof. Modern historians reject this , which is sustained by no archeological evidence. Birds were also widely used in studies of the niche and Georgii Gause's competitive exclusion principle. This hypothesis is generally less accepted than the previous , but nonetheless provides a possible alternative. One is that humans hunted large mammals, such as the woolly mammoth, into extinction. At present, we can take as a that Europeans have more Neandertal ancestry than Asians. The most vocal proponent of the hybridization is Erik Trinkaus of Washington University. Ever since its initial description, the actinic physiopathogenic has been debated by many authors. This however contradicts another supported by some researchers saying the Veleti moved westward from the Vistula delta. Another is that the rulers of Charax had expansionist designs on Parthian Babylon, giving them a rationale for alliance with Trajan. According to this the Geats would have not only resided in southern Sweden but also in Jutland, where Beowulf would have lived. This is still accepted among many historians, but has been the subject of scholarly debate in the 21st century. Our view relies on a plenitudinous metaphysics to which we are antecedently sympathetic, and adds to it one bold . The Sonderweg attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's of Africa. This also generates and stimulates ideas and perhaps further research. This and the analyses of data that it rests upon have received serious criticism. Though no direct evidence of mammoth hunting has been found, today this is not considered as a valid observation to discard any . This has been confirmed by further more recent studies, which refined this somewhat. The of generative grammar is that language is a structure of the human mind. Other theories include the Anatolian , the Armenia , the Paleolithic Continuity Theory, and the indigenous Aryans theory. The Middle English creole argues that English is itself a creole. If this is untrue, the creole with the largest number of speakers is Haitian Creole, with almost ten million native speakers. The consequences of accepting the pseudonymy hypothesis are similar to those of accepting the forgery . There is a that the contrast between fortis and lenis consonants is related to the contrast between voiceless and voiced consonants. For illustrations of different analyses of noun phrases depending on whether the DP is rejected or accepted, see the next section. The second tree assumes the DP , namely that determiners rather than nouns serve as phrase heads. We realize what Archimedes had only in , weighting a single grain against the globe of earth. The value of given data can and must be judged regardless of the they are supposed to support or refudiate. Thus, any event in the rejection region leads to rejection of the null . This has been refuted by studies showing that air and water are not absorbed. Recently enacted three-strikes laws in several states similarly provide an opportunity to test the deterrence . In the past, I think the that many have held is that anemia causes radiobiologically significant hypoxia. The efficient market keeps a relation with the random walk theory. The results of the experiment did not support his . This supports the broad that many of the neurodevelopmental disorders are, to a certain extent, aetiologically linked. Only on the that what is learnt in one generation is remembered by the next, can there be any feeling of againness or of expectancy. To test my , I created a wind tunnel and wind mill to measure the different blades' power output. My is that the symmetrical airfoils will outperform the others and the control blades. Testing the of the multidimensional model of anorexia nervosa in adolescents. The backhandedness of this procedure reflects the fact that null tests are motivated by rhetorical considerations. The third theory which was advanced to explain the formation of phosphorites is the classical biolith . Had the world been coagmented from that supposed fortuitous jumble, this had been tolerable. The ensembled classifier is a collection of classifiers representing a single . This mainstream of the epileptogenicity of hemosiderin provided strong support to our results. Objection is sometimes offered to this system upon the that all but the rich or fullhanded, are excluded from our sanctuaries. As we will discuss later, our phylogenetic reconstructs the presence of ossicones as a basal feature of all the giraffomorphs. Another , said to be the cause of mammoth extinction in Siberia, comes from the idea that many may have drowned. This view has been challenged by the that the Celtic languages of the British Isles form a phylogenetic Insular Celtic dialect group. There is some evidence to support the treaty , based on the grave finds of the period. His was written up in De corpore saturni but before the work was published, Huygens presented his theory of the rings of Saturn. Immediately Wren recognised this as a better than his own and De corpore saturni was never published. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning . Their was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. The aetherial was vague, but the particle was definite enough for Thomson to test. A new competitor may decrease the likeliness of an old , but it will usually not change its loveliness. Dawkins has also been strongly critical of the Gaia of the independent scientist James Lovelock. Before the discovery of Mendelian genetics, one common was blending inheritance. Moreover, he refused to even offer a as to the cause of this force on grounds that to do so was contrary to sound science. One is that they drove elephants, rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses over the tops of cliffs or into bogs to more easily kill them. He included in his Dutch, Albanian, Greek, Latin, Persian, and German, later adding Slavic, Celtic, and Baltic languages. However, in general this is considered to attribute too much weight to the Anatolian evidence. By such means, a may gain acceptance, although in a probabilistic, rather than certain, sense. To assess this , the urbanicity of a boy's place of residence was run against enlistment. Unlike the dopamine , the adrenochrome hypothesis accounts for many biochemical patterns common among schizophrenic patients. It is an empirical that is subject to revision and, hence, lacks the dogmatic stance of classical materialism. Depending on how well the tests match the predictions, the original may require refinement, alteration, expansion or even rejection. If a particular becomes very well supported a general theory may be developed. A is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question. The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a . Terms commonly associated with statistical hypotheses are null hypothesis and alternative . This is an investigation of whether the real world behaves as predicted by the . Furthermore, failure of an experiment does not necessarily mean the is false. The predictions of the hypothesis are compared to those of the null , to determine which is better able to explain the data. Once a is strongly supported by evidence, a new question can be asked to provide further insight on the same topic. Any useful will enable predictions, by reasoning including deductive reasoning. Only in this case does a successful outcome increase the probability that the is true. If the outcome is already known, it is called a consequence and should have already been considered while formulating the . But since there no experiment now known which can test this , science itself can have little to say about the possibility. They might adopt the characterization and formulate their own , or they might adopt the hypothesis and deduce their own predictions. Published results of experiments can also serve as a predicting their own reproducibility. Touches of prosaic detail are imperative and a rigorous adherence to the . In the work, Boyle presents his that every phenomenon was the result of collisions of particles in motion. The was accepted and published in the New Review of Spanish Philology in the 2011 article. For example, according to this , the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Clearly I have a duty to say why design strikes me as a nonsilly , and even as a simple and attractive one. One is that the global increase in jellyfish bloom frequency may stem from human impact. Polyploidy or polyteny may account for this large cellular DNA content, but studies of DNA reassociation kinetics do not support this . As further information comes to hand, the may be confirmed or refuted. This evidence bolstered the that heavier elements are the product of nucleosynthesis in stars. An even more speculative is that intense radiation from a nearby supernova was responsible for the extinctions. Such a was raised by reviewing letters sent by Brazilian authorities at the time of the earthquake. Male hooded seals are known to have several mates in a single mating season, following the that they are polygynous. In this the shifting of the continents can be simply explained by a large increase in size of the Earth since its formation. Subsequent fieldwork, metamorphic studies and radiometric dating has refined their chronology but supported their original . That led to the of a migration route between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets to explain the early settlement. This recognized differences between microbats and megabats and acknowledged that flight has only evolved once in mammals. Another is that flying has reduced their mortality rate, which would also be true for birds and gliding mammals. A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean . The was headlined when The New York Times published it in December 1996, shortly before it was published in an academic journal. Relevant to the is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric flood myths. However, Gulf Coast geologists do not regard this as having any credibility. When Alfred Wegener first presented a of continental drift in 1912, he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust. Studies in the 2000s have given rise to the that large amounts of dust reduce the strength of tropical cyclones. Preliminary data from the northern Atlantic coast seem to support the Azores High . Another by McCormac and Evans assumes that the Earth's field disappears entirely during reversals. This is supported by the relatively late date of the arrival of modern humans in Europe as well as by archaeological and DNA evidence. This attempts to explain why haplogroup N is predominant in Europe and why haplogroup M is absent in Europe. The anatomist Thomas Huxley had also supported the and suggested that African apes have a close evolutionary relationship with humans. Attribution theory and the overjustification provide still another explanation. First, we specify a first-order autoregressive error process and test the null that the errors are not first-order autocorrelated. To test the that mindin would contribute to airway disease after inhalation of either lipopolysaccharide or ozone, Frush et al. The finding supports the that lipoprotein plays a causal role in coronary disease. The bindingness , see supra note 72, may also yield a necessary condition on a legal institution. Consistent with our , patients scored significantly higher on the majority of early maladaptive schemas than their intimate partners. He postulates the that suffixation is constrained by selectional restrictions of the affixes involved. To test their , they need to know where in the developing embryo Shh is expressed. These works also confirm that Pandey's remains useful to explain the different alternatives observed to microsporogenesis. Published partial molecular hypothetical trees to date for cardinalfish do not support, in part, either . Ultimately, this evidence is used in a re-evaluation of the mul tepal that has dominated the view on rulership at Chichen Itza. To test this , NMR was used to compare the metabolic profiles of three cultures, an anaerobic fungal monoculture Piromyces sp. My is that a description that aspires to consistency with regard to the phonetic facts must distinguish between weak and strong moras. Taking a cue from the clausal domain, I will explore the that these are the nominal counterparts of v and INNER ASPECT, cf. According to one , they become trapped at synapses, inhibiting nerve impulse signals. Lourenco considered the stridulation organ to be synapomorphic for Rhopalurus, a that has yet to be tested cladistically. Type II error is when we have failed to reject the null when, in fact, it is false. Even as putting forth the that stochastic terms are not correlated, this value is nonconvergent. The that nonelective admissions require more inpatient resources is based on several factors. A contextualist reply to the skeptical says that it is only a worry if we are monolithic about the meaning of knowledge. There are also districts that provide contradictive evidence to our such as Chicago and Kansas. But the extension of the linguistic uniformitarian to writing is, in my opinion, counterproductive. Her concerned the role of an enzyme called sucrose synthase in the ripening process. Both the concepts and operational definition flow logically from the area in research method area. The final test of any palaeoanthropological is its ability to explain why hominins are unique. Brennan, from McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, said his team was not surprised that memantine reduced binge episodes since that was their initial . Albanian is often seen as the descendant of Illyrian, although this has been challenged by some linguists, who maintain that it derives from Dacian or Thracian. Imperfect L2 learning is compatible with other approaches, notably the European dialect origin and the universalist models of language transmission. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a , that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence. Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null . One item of evidence in favour of this is found in the Spanish book Compendio Historial, written in 1571 by the Basque writer Esteban de Garibay. The biodiversity says that the less contact people have with a microbially diverse natural environment, the less diverse their own commensal microbiota. A is presented where the combination of a thin cell wall and large microfibril angle are responsible for the superior properties exhibited by the DN 30 pulp. However, this is no longer actively investigated, as there are examples of creoles, such as Hezhou, which evidently have nothing to do with the Lingua Franca. The cosmic censorship rules out the formation of such singularities, when they are created through the gravitational collapse of realistic matter. His later maps used the Azores, following the magnetic . The overview offers a picture to the readers in which the commonly advertized Sino-Tibetan has always been criticized within the academic circles. Any which explains the facts is justified critically. For it is not sufficient that a should be a justifiable one. Failure of an experiment to produce interesting results may lead a scientist to reconsider the experimental method, the , or the definition of the subject. Failure of a to produce interesting and testable predictions may lead to reconsideration of the or of the definition of the subject. If the predictions are not accessible by observation or experience, the is not yet testable and so will remain to that extent unscientific in a strict sense. However, this is disputed within the anthropological community. A is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon, or alternately a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between or among a set of phenomena. Previous studies suggested an association between elevated CRP levels and colon cancer, which fits with the that chronic inflammation increases cancer risk. The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations of the real world agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a . This step involves determining the logical consequences of the . The impressive improvement in response to valacyclovir documented in this study lends support to the viral of mental illness, she said. The study may put to rest an idea, known as the Solutrean , that ancient Europeans crossed the Atlantic and established the Clovis culture in the New World. Specifically, we fit stable Paretian distributions to the residuals for some important macro-economic variates testing the null of finite moments. Researchers normally want to show that the null is false. The that older age class raccoons would have higher fluke infection rates and parasite loads due to increased exposure to cercariae was statistically tested. A is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question, that may explain the observed behavior of a part of our universe. The of an Etruscan origin is a viable alternative. This suggestion was accepted by many subsequent writers, but in 1703, Jean Mabillon put forth a new , claiming that the entire forehead was shaven back to the ears. Furthermore, consistent with our , we determine that good corporate governance alleviates spillovers of bad news from corporate scandals experienced by competitors. As we are learning more and more about the brain, there is a that when a child is going through puberty, that is the time that accents start. The main I will work from is that Mirkwood by and large fits within the literary topos of the enchanted forests in the fairy-tale tradition. Thus, for all cases, arrival data was successfully modelled as the Poisson distribution and the was ascertained by evaluating chi-square tests. Acceptance is dependent upon the falsifiable surviving tests. The book opens by introducing the Lovelock Gaia and motivating glacier science as a major abiotic component of the homeostatic planetary system. Sometimes an economic is only qualitative, not quantitative. This experimental evidence supports the possibility of interplanetary transport of lifeforms and makes the lithopanspermia more realistic. Jenner successfully tested his on 23 additional subjects. Use * for blank tiles (max 2) Use * for blank spaces bottom_desktop desktop:[300x250] go Word Tools Finders & Helpers Apps More Synonyms Copyright WordHippo © 2024 390 IMAGES 13 Different Types of Hypothesis (2024) How to Write a Strong Hypothesis in 6 Simple Steps Examples of “Hypothesis” In A Sentence how to write a good hypothesis for a science experiment How to Write a Hypothesis: The Ultimate Guide with Examples Sentences with Hypothesis, Hypothesis in a Sentence in English VIDEO What Is A Hypothesis? Rejection Region and Significance Level Graph Theory, Lecture 17: Extremal graph theory II: Dense graphs Types of Hypothesis Types of Hypothesis Case Study based on Hypothesis used to Detect Deception #Forensic Psychology# COMMENTS 36 Examples of a Hypothesis This is then refuted, confirmed or reframed based on evidence. The following are illustrative examples of a hypothesis. Plants will grow faster in blue light as compared to red or green light.Regular watering can desalinate soil in a pot.Local air quality is better on weekends and holidays.Tennis balls bounce higher when they are cold.There is ... 15 Hypothesis Examples (2024) A hypothesis is defined as a testable prediction, and is used primarily in scientific experiments as a potential or predicted outcome that scientists attempt to prove or disprove (Atkinson et al., 2021; Tan, 2022).. In my types of hypothesis article, I outlined 13 different hypotheses, including the directional hypothesis (which makes a prediction about an effect of a treatment will be ... How to Write a Strong Hypothesis 5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways. To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve. How to Write a Hypothesis in 6 Steps, With Examples 4 Alternative hypothesis. An alternative hypothesis, abbreviated as H 1 or H A, is used in conjunction with a null hypothesis. It states the opposite of the null hypothesis, so that one and only one must be true. Examples: Plants grow better with bottled water than tap water. Professional psychics win the lottery more than other people. 5 ... Hypothesis Examples Here are some research hypothesis examples: If you leave the lights on, then it takes longer for people to fall asleep. If you refrigerate apples, they last longer before going bad. If you keep the curtains closed, then you need less electricity to heat or cool the house (the electric bill is lower). If you leave a bucket of water uncovered ... How to Write a Hypothesis w/ Strong Examples Associative Hypothesis Examples. There is an association between the number of hours spent on social media and the level of anxiety in teenagers. Daily consumption of green tea is associated with weight loss in adults. The frequency of public transport use correlates with the level of urban air pollution. Hypothesis Examples: Different Types in Science and Research To form a solid theory, the vital first step is creating a hypothesis. See the various types of hypotheses and how they can lead you on the path to discovery. ... Sentences Grammar Vocabulary Usage Reading & Writing ... Hypotheses and research are the backbone of science. A hypothesis that is well-stated, founded in truth, and that can ... How to Write a Strong Hypothesis Step 4: Refine your hypothesis. You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain: The relevant variables. The specific group being studied. What Is a Hypothesis and How Do I Write One? · PrepScholar Merriam Webster defines a hypothesis as "an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument.". In other words, a hypothesis is an educated guess. Scientists make a reasonable assumption--or a hypothesis--then design an experiment to test whether it's true or not. How to Write a Strong Hypothesis in 6 Simple Steps Learning how to write a hypothesis comes down to knowledge and strategy. So where do you start? Learn how to make your hypothesis strong step-by-step here. HYPOTHESIS in a Sentence Examples: 21 Ways to Use Hypothesis Clearly state your hypothesis in a simple and concise manner. For example, "The scientist's hypothesis is that plants will grow faster with added sunlight.". Use the word hypothesis to introduce your prediction or expectation before testing it. For instance, "Our hypothesis is that students who study regularly will perform better on the ... A Strong Hypothesis Keep in mind that writing the hypothesis is an early step in the process of doing a science project. The steps below form the basic outline of the Scientific Method: Ask a Question. Do Background Research. Construct a Hypothesis. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion. Examples of "Hypothesis" in a Sentence 5. 1. According to the hypothesis of Waldeyer and Thiersch there is perfect equilibrium between the normal epithelium and its supporting structure, the connective tissue, but with advancing age this balance is upset owing to the connective tissue gradually losing its restraining power. 9. Scientific hypothesis hypothesis. science. scientific hypothesis, an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. The two primary features of a scientific hypothesis are falsifiability and testability, which are reflected in an "If…then" statement summarizing the idea and in the ... Hypothesis Definition & Meaning How to use hypothesis in a sentence. The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory Synonym Discussion of Hypothesis. ... In non-scientific use, however, hypothesis and theory are often used interchangeably to mean simply ... The distinction has come to the forefront particularly on occasions when the content of science curricula in schools has ... What Is a Hypothesis? The Scientific Method A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for an observation. The definition depends on the subject. In science, a hypothesis is part of the scientific method. It is a prediction or explanation that is tested by an experiment. Observations and experiments may disprove a scientific hypothesis, but can never entirely prove one. Examples of 'Hypothesis' in a Sentence Synonyms for hypothesis. The results of the experiment did not support his hypothesis. Their hypothesis is that watching excessive amounts of television reduces a person's ability to concentrate. Other chemists rejected his hypothesis. Isaac Newton initially argued against a parabolic orbit for the … comet of 1680, preferring the hypothesis ... Writing a Hypothesis for Your Science Fair Project A hypothesis is a tentative, testable answer to a scientific question. Once a scientist has a scientific question she is interested in, the scientist reads up to find out what is already known on the topic. Then she uses that information to form a tentative answer to her scientific question. Sometimes people refer to the tentative answer as "an ... Hypothesis in a Sentence Definition of Hypothesis. a proposed explanation or theory that is studied through scientific testing. Examples of Hypothesis in a sentence. The scientist's hypothesis did not stand up, since research data was inconsistent with his guess. Each student gave a hypothesis and theorized which plant would grow the tallest during the study. What is a Hypothesis? The process of formulating a hypothesis is both an art and a science. It requires a deep understanding of the social phenomena under investigation, as well as a clear sense of what is possible to observe and measure. Hypothesis formulation is closely linked to the theoretical framework that guides the research. Sociologists draw on existing ... Examples of "Hypothesis" In A Sentence Sentences with Hypothesis. Hypothesis: The sun rises in the east. They formulated a null hypothesis to compare against the alternative. We need to revise the original hypothesis. They discussed the hypothesis with colleagues in their field. They formulated competing hypotheses to compare and contrast the findings. Examples of "Hypothesize" in a Sentence Learn how to use "hypothesize" in a sentence with 8 example sentences on YourDictionary. ... Hypothesis and prediction are commonly used interchangeably. But are they the same? Learning the difference between hypothesis and prediction comes down to science. Explore hypothesis vs. prediction through examples of each one. How to use hypothesis in a sentence However, such a hypothesis is again unable to explain the selective maintenance of alleles in humans.: The multidimensionality of racial identity and its impact on the various communication dimensions of classroom learning led to the following research question and hypothesis.: To test this hypothesis in the two fossil species, I measured eight aspects of 60 astragali from UCMP locality 1100 ... Examples of "Hypotheses" in a Sentence Learn how to use "hypotheses" in a sentence with 108 example sentences on YourDictionary. Dictionary Thesaurus Sentences ... Learning the difference between hypothesis and prediction comes down to science. Explore hypothesis vs. prediction through examples of each one. essay homework paper phd project resume review speech study thesis