practical research 1 qualitative research grade 11

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Practical Research 1 Quarter 1 Module 2 Qualitative Research and Its Importance to Daily Life Version 2

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Practical Research 1 - Lecture Notes from 11th Grade (SHS)

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Practical research 1.

Research and Its Characteristics Research - is a delightful way to discover valuable learning and skills - significant in our daily activity - results of thinking process that involves student’s questions technique Inquiry – the act of asking information Inquiry Model Research – defined as scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation based on facts that lines an individual’s speculation with reality. Characteristics of Research 1. Empirical – based on researcher’s experience 2. Logical – valid procedure or principles 3. Cyclical – continuous arrow; starts with a problem, ends with an answer 4. Analytical – an overview after the valid procedure 5. Critical 6. Methodical – follow rules and regulations 7. Replicability – could be repeated Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem 1. Area of Interest 2. Availability of funds 3. Investigators ability and training Research Process – process of multiple scientific steps in research 1. Select the general problem (an area of concern) 2. Review the literature of the problem (collection of information) 3. Select a specific research problem, questions, and hypothesis 4. Collect data 5. Analyze and present the data 6. Interpret the findings and state conclusions or generalization regarding the problem

Qualitative

Observation, connections listening.

Ethics – is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper and improper, and good or bad Ethical 1. objectivity and integrity 2. respect right to privacy 3. presentation of findings 4. misuse of research role 5. acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance 6. distortions of fundings by sponsor Unethical 1. deceiving the research purpose 2. asking irrelevant information 3. invading the privacy of respondents 4. studying the respondents without their knowledge 5. in presentation of findings - ''facts only'' CHAPTER II Literature - written works in a particular subject Framework - basic conceptional structure Related - having close harmonic connection Review - to study material again Conceptual - abstract or metaphysical Review of Related Literature - is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and other reference materials - composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related - studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity What materials to review? Literature review sources can be divided into three categories namely: Category Characteristics Sources of Literature Primary Sources High level of detail little time needed to publish Reports, theses, emails, company reports, some government publications, online articles Secondary Sources Medium level of detail Medium time needed to publish Journals, books, newspapers, magazines, online articles Tertiary Sources Low level of detail Considerable time needed to publish Indexes, databases, catalogues, encyclopedia, bibliographies, citation indexes What are the strategies on how to evaluate the related literature? In doing this we can apply the journalism’s five w’s and one h:  Who: Who is the author and what are his/her credentials in the topic?  What: Is the material primary, secondary, or tertiary in nature/  Where: Is the publisher or organization behind the source considered reputable? Does the website appear legitimate?  When: is the source current does it cover the right time period of your topic/  Why: Is the opinion or bias of the author evident and can be taken into account?  How: Is the source written at the right level of your needs? Is the research well- documented?

Why Research? We live in an imperfect world. There is so much to be improved, in our school, at home, and the community. There is so much to be improved in our relationships with family, relatives, and friends. There is also so much to be improved in the world of work, in business, in health, in educational services, and even in government service. The word research comes from the prefix “re” which means again and the root word “search” which is synonymous “look for,” “explore,” “investigate,” “discover,” “study.” “inquire,” “examine,” “experiment,” “probe,” “analyze, and “scrutinize”. Putting these together, research literally means to look for again, to explore a new, to investigate again, to study again, etc. As a field of discipline, research is an investigation, study, exploration, or probe on anything by applying systematic or scientific methods in gathering data in order to provide answers to some questions or problems that are aimed to improve the quality of life. Characteristics of Research 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. 2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. 3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. 4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study. 5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. 6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures. 7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results With the above-mentioned characteristics of a good research, it follows that researcher should develop the following characteristics: 1. Intellectual Curiosity. A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and inquiry of the things and situations around him. 2. Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and the right place. 3. Healthy Criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results. 4. 4. Intellectual Honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest result. 5. Intellectual Creativity. A productive and resourceful investigator always creates new researches. The Research Process Since research employs the scientific method, it follows the steps in scientific inquiry as you have learned in your science classes, namely: 1. Select a general problem. 2. Review the literature of the problem. 3. Select a specific research problem, question, or hypothesis. 4. Preparing the research design 5. Collect data 6. Analyze and present or display data. 7. Interpret the findings and state conclusions or generalizations regarding the problem Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem 1. Researcher ‘s area of interest

• Availability of funds
• Investigator ‘s ability and training Ethics Ethics should be applied in all stages of research from the planning of data, to gathering of data, to the analysis and interpretation, and in the evaluation (oral examination) of the research. Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster ‘s 1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice. To ensure this, the following must be strictly observed:
• Researchers should avoid any risk of considerably harming people, the environment, or property
• Researchers must not use deception on people participating
• Researchers must obtain informed consent
• Researchers must preserve privacy and confidentiality
• Researchers must take special precautions when involving populations or animals
• Researchers must not plagiarize
• Researchers grant and limit authorship
• Research result are accessible
• Researchers must not twist their conclusions
• Researchers must not falsify research
• Researchers must ensure that only the correct data, information, and research results shall be reported
• Researchers respect he confidentiality and proprietary rights of peers, colleagues, and students.
• Researchers respect cultural, individual, and role differences. Ethical considerations in conducting research
• Objectivity and integrity
• Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection of subjects from personal harm
• Presentation of research findings
• Misuse of research role
• Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
• Distortions of findings by sponsor Quantitative and Qualitative Research
• Quantitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher decides what to study; asks specific, narrow questions; collects quantifiable data from participants; analyzes these numbers using statistics; and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.
• Qualitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the views of participants; asks broad, general questions; collects data consisting largely words (text) from participants; describes and analyzes these words for themes; and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner. Kinds of Research Across Fields
• Descriptive research describes the phenomena being studied. It addresses the ‘what’ question. Data are gathered and descriptive statistics are the used to analyze such data.
• Correlational research determines the relations among two or more variables. Data are gathered from multiple variables and correlational statistical techniques are then applied to the data.

 Other important skills include adopting open and emotionally neutral body language, nodding, smiling, and looking interested and making encouraging noises.  At the end of the interview, it is important to thank participants for their time and ask them if there is anything they would like to add  All interviews should be tape recorded and transcribed verbatim afterwards, as this protects against bias and provides a permanent record of. what was and was not said.  Again, this excerpt from the phenomenological study on "Women's Experiences After Leaving a Shelter" by Gadbois (1999) from the Center for Research on Violence Against Women and Children, Ontario Canada, will show us how to do a write up of data gathering using the interview. Week 3: Identifying the Inquiry And Stating The Problem To write your title, you must start with a topic of your choice. You may start by writing three topics of your choice. You might resent this, but soon you will realize that there is a wisdom to this practice. There is actually no such a thing as a single best idea. It is easier to jot down three ideas or even five, instead of selecting one single topic. In the process of discussing these topics with your teacher, he/she may learn about your interests and discovers other topic, which may be similar, slightly different, or totally different from the three topics you presented but still within your line of interest and/or other expertise. Where are we going to source all these three or five topics? It was mentioned in the previous section that ours is an imperfect world, there is so much to be improved. Therefore, we can get sources of all these topics from where we are. a. Problem Situations In school, you would hear classmates complain about teachers’ teaching strategies, and how they deal with their students, complaints about their filing grades, their love life, their allowances, school facilities and equipment’s, their families social networking practices, computer gaming, and other social issues, unemployed graduates, graduates not finding the right job, bullying, career opportunities, classmates getting sick, medicinal plants, waste, management, and many more. At home, there are also problems that you dwell on, relationships, money matters, infidelity, unemployment, neighbors, bills, health-related concerns, absentee parents and more. You can move to larger community and look into problems on politics, prices of commodities, and other concerns. For sure if you given the opportunity, you would help in any way you can to ease people out of these problems. You can already start by doing a research on any of these experienced problems, the recommendations you offer at the end of this research may eventually affect solutions which can be more helpful than we ever imagined. There are already your sources of a topic or topics for research. b. Consider your passion or interest What are you passionate about or interested about? Where would you like to make a difference? You are going to spend a lot of time doing a qualitative study. Choosing a topic, you care about will keep you interested and could result you in making a difference where it matters to you. c. Consider the settings available to you In what places do you have convenient and regular access? What places will you be able to get permission from participants? If you want to answer a research question by observing people, where can you go where you will not be noticed? Where you can go where you can easily approach people without disruption and within the regulations of the setting? Your topic is only as good as the setting. The title should describe what you are studying and to what effect.

d. Consider your subjects In order to study people, you have to gain their permission after thoroughly advising them of such things as who you are, how will you keep their responses confidential, and what happens if they want to quit. Let us take a sample title: A Phenomenological Study of Behavior of Students with Absentee Parents From this title, the reader can find out a lot about the research before reading the actual proposal or actual research report.

• What are we looking at? Behavior of students with absentee parents
• Who are the subjects? Students with absentee parents
• It is going to be a qualitative study, and we know which will be used, phenomenology.
• We will just be using a small sample.
• Data collection will involve obtaining information from the participants in some way interviews, observation, open-minded questionnaires, etc.
• what: indicate the central phenomenon of the study, of
• who or what: indicate the participants, involving - what or who: a general definition of the central concept,
• to: purpose Example: The purpose of this ethnographic study is to describe the training of Aeta from Castillejos, Zambales for the past ten years to provide insights into the formulation of a teacher education model for indigenous people.

To be able to do this, you may identify the groups who would eventually benefit from your study, starting from the most direct beneficiaries to the ones who would be indirectly benefited by it. After identifying the beneficiaries of the study, discuss the specific benefits that would get from it: that is by discussing how the study would help in solving existing problems of these identified groups leading towards an upliftment of their situation. Be careful not to make the study as something like a magic wand, that after conducting the study, it has already worked changes even without interventions from concerned individuals, groups or institutions through their programs, projects and activities. Determining the Scopes and Delimitations of the Study Whatever topic you might have chosen, there is a tendency for you to go unending with all the different areas and variables relative to it. This is likewise true in terms of the respondents, the locale and the data gathering stage. If this happens, it might no longer within your capability to manage it, not within your time and financial resources or it might no longer be within the objectives you have set at the beginning of the study, thereby ending with an unfinished research. Thus, defining the scope and delimitations of the study becomes important. If at the beginning of the study, it is already clear that your respondents are the regular employees who have been working at the agency for at least three years, are presently connected with the agency, and who have been assigned to at least three provinces in Central Luzon, and all those who do not meet the above description should not be part of the study. Likewise, if it is clear that only selected variables are included, then no other variables are supposed to be part of the study even if these were included in parallel studies. You might have avoided other variables for reasons of practicality, interest, or relativity of the study at hand. The role that these variables have in relation to the topic should be included in the discussion. For example, you should also mention that it will be determined if the variables will affect the work productivity, or if these are motivating factors in their job performance. Below is a sample of scope and delimitations of the study from Abasta and FReal (2013) The study covered the financial lifestyle Management of employees of Central Luzon College of Science and Technology, Olongapo City for the period covering February 18 to March 11, 2013. The study investigated on the financial data of the employees’ family which include the monetary salary and income, assets, capital assets and liabilities. It includes details of the expenditures, such as their household expenditure, living/personal expenditures, transportation expenditure, recreation and entertainment expenditures, and government taxes paid for the month. The study also included questions in relation to their spending and saving practices and the details of their borrowings. Defining the Terms Used in the study It is important to include definitions of terms in your research in order to understand the key terms being used in the study. a. Operational definition - defined according to how they are used in the study b. Conceptual definition - defined terms based on actual concepts and based on what has been accepted as a definition as used by experts in the area Identify terms from:

• Start from the title
• General statement and the sub-questions
• Introduction to the analysis and the interpretation of the data
• Terms used by authors you cited In writing your definitions, make sure that the terms defined are arranged in alphabetical order and that the definitions are presented in complete sentence, with a format similar to what are presented on the next page:

Changes in Company Activities. These pertains to the possible organizational changes that the company will undergo for the next five years such as internal growth, vertical integration, horizontal expansion, company diversification, combination strategies, and retrenchment! These also include the turnaround divestment, and liquidation (Sy, 2013). Adjustment. This is used interchangeably with marital adjustment which is the degree to which a couple gets along with each other or have a good working relationship and are able to satisfy each other’s need over the marital life course. It is an ongoing process (Balolong 2010) Poverty line/Thershold. This refers to the minimum monthly income required or the expenditure necessary to satisfy the food threshold of a family (Maniego, 202)

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Course : Qualitative Approaches in Communication Research  (COM 651)

University : polytechnic university of the philippines.

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