management information system symbiosis assignment

• 2.3 Modern Business Applications
• 2.4 AI in Business: Transforming Modern Enterprises
• AI in Business: Transforming Modern Enterprises
• 4 Vizio Case: What's the Most Important Business Function?
• Chapter 2: Information
• Chapter 3: Hardware
• Chapter 4: Software
• Chapter 5: Network
• Chapter 6: Database
• Chapter 7: Security
• Chapter 8: Development

Management Information Systems ¶

1 introduction ¶.

Management Information Systems (MIS) is a field that combines the practices of managing people, processes, and technology to provide essential information that supports decision-making in organizations. MIS bridges the gap between computer science and business, offering a comprehensive approach to managing and utilizing information systems to achieve organizational goals.

• Management refers to the process of coordinating and overseeing the activities of an organization to achieve defined objectives. It involves planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources, including human, financial, and technological assets. Effective management ensures that all parts of the organization work together harmoniously and efficiently to meet goals.
• Information refers to data that has been processed and organized in a meaningful way, making it useful for decision-making. In the context of MIS, information is the valuable output derived from data that helps managers understand their environment, make informed decisions, and solve problems.
• A system is a set of interrelated components that work together to achieve a common goal. In MIS, a system typically refers to a combination of hardware, software, data, procedures, and people that interact to process data and produce information. Systems in MIS are designed to collect, store, process, and distribute information.

Therefore MIS is an information-processing system for business operation. The terms data, information, and knowledge are often used interchangeably, but they represent distinct concepts in the context of information processing and decision-making in MIS.

• Data: Raw facts and figures without context, such as numbers ( 200 ) or text ( James ).
• Information: Data that has been processed and interpreted to provide meaning. For example, 200 units sold , First name: James .
• Knowledge: Information that has been further processed, analyzed, and combined with experience, insights, and context to create a deeper understanding. It is used to inform decisions and actions. For example, The average daily sales for the past three days is 200 units. may give the knowledge of Implementing a promotional campaign on weekdays increases daily sales by 20% based on past trends .

Management Information Systems (MIS) is an interdisciplinary field that integrates management practices with information technology to provide managers with the information necessary to make informed decisions. By understanding the components of management, information, and systems, organizations can effectively harness technology to improve efficiency, support strategic planning, and gain competitive advantages.

2 A Brief History of MIS ¶

MIS is based on computer systems and evolves with the computer system evolution. There are new type of business application in almost every decade.

• 1950s-1960s: Emergence of early computer systems for data processing.
• 1970s: Introduction of Decision Support Systems (DSS).
• 1980s: Rise of Personal Computers (PCs), office automation, and relational databases.
• 1990s: ERP systems gain popularity.
• 2000s: Internet and E-business
• 2010s: Big data, cloud computing, and Business Intelligence (BI).
• Present: AI-driven business operation.

2.1 Early Business Applications ¶

Most of today's business applications were first developed in 1960s. Following are some examples, some are even used today. Guess which one?

• IBM 1401 Computer: The IBM 1401 was a popular business computer during the 1960s.It was widely used for tasks such as payroll processing, inventory management, and accounts receivable/payable. Companies could input data using punched cards, and the computer would process transactions and generate reports.The IBM 1401 played a crucial role in automating routine business operations.
• Banking Systems: Banks adopted early computer systems to manage customer accounts, track transactions, and calculate interest. These systems allowed for faster account updates, check processing, and statement generation.For example, the Bank of America used computers to handle its growing customer base.
• Reservation Systems: Airlines, hotels, and other travel-related businesses relied on computerized reservation systems.
• Inventory Control:Businesses needed efficient ways to track inventory levels and reorder products. Early computer applications helped manage stock, monitor sales, and optimize supply chains. Companies like General Electric and Ford used computerized inventory control systems.
• Manufacturing Process Control: Industries such as automotive manufacturing embraced computer control systems. Computers monitored production lines, adjusted machinery settings, and ensured quality control. The IBM 1620 was used for process control in various manufacturing plants.
• Decision Support Systems: While not as widespread, some companies experimented with decision support systems. These systems provided data analysis, forecasting, and scenario modeling. They helped managers make informed decisions based on available information.

Below is the image of IBM 1401 -- the first widely used business computer.

The IBM 1401 use punched cards as its data input.

2.2 The SABRE System ¶

In the early 1960s, one of the most remarkable innovations in the field of Management Information Systems (MIS) was the development of the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment) system by American Airlines. This pioneering effort not only revolutionized the airline industry but also set a precedent for the use of real-time processing systems in business.

The Birth of SABRE ¶

The story begins in the mid-1950s when American Airlines was grappling with the challenges of managing an increasingly complex reservation system. At that time, booking a flight was a manual process involving paper tickets, handwritten logs, and telephone calls. This method was not only time-consuming but also prone to errors, especially as the volume of passengers grew.

In 1953, C.R. Smith, then president of American Airlines, met with R. Blair Smith, an IBM sales representative, during a flight. Inspired by IBM's work with real-time computer systems for the U.S. Air Force's SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) project, which used computers to manage and process air defense information, C.R. Smith envisioned a similar system for managing airline reservations. This serendipitous conversation led to a groundbreaking partnership between American Airlines and IBM.

Development and Implementation ¶

Work on the SABRE system began in earnest in 1957, and it took several years of intensive development to bring the system to life. The project was ambitious, aiming to create a real-time computer network that could handle the reservation needs of American Airlines across the entire United States.

By 1960, the system was partially operational, and in 1964, it was fully deployed. SABRE used two IBM 7090 mainframe computers located in Briarcliff Manor, New York. These computers were interconnected with a network of over 1,000 terminals installed in airports and ticket offices across the country.

Source: Sabre.com

Impact and Legacy ¶

The introduction of the SABRE system had a profound impact on American Airlines and the airline industry as a whole. Here are a few key aspects of its impact:

Efficiency and Accuracy: SABRE automated the booking process, significantly reducing the time required to make a reservation from hours to just a few seconds. This not only improved customer satisfaction but also increased the accuracy of reservations, reducing errors and overbooking.

Competitive Advantage: The system gave American Airlines a significant competitive edge. By streamlining operations and improving customer service, American Airlines was able to attract more passengers and operate more efficiently than its competitors.

Industry Transformation: SABRE set a new standard for the airline industry. Other airlines soon recognized the benefits of such systems, leading to widespread adoption of similar technologies. The success of SABRE demonstrated the potential of computer systems to transform business operations, paving the way for the development of other MIS applications in various industries.

Technological Innovation: The collaboration between American Airlines and IBM showcased the possibilities of real-time computing and networking. The technologies and methodologies developed for SABRE influenced future innovations in computer science and information systems.

A Lasting Legacy ¶

Today, SABRE remains one of the most iconic examples of early MIS implementation. The system has evolved significantly over the decades, incorporating modern technologies and expanding its capabilities. SABRE now operates as an independent company, providing technology solutions to airlines and travel agencies worldwide.

The story of SABRE is not just a tale of technological innovation but also a testament to the power of visionary leadership and collaboration. It highlights how a chance meeting and a bold idea can lead to transformative changes, setting the stage for the modern information systems that drive businesses today.

2.3 Modern Business Applications ¶

With the advances of computer hardware and software, today's business applications are everywhere and more intelligent than their precedences. A historical view shows the evolution of business applications - often called ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) or Enterprise Systems (ES).

• 1960s: ERP's foundational system, known as MRP (Material Requirements Planning), emerged. It was designed to assist businesses in: Balancing production with demand; Managing inventory levels; Scheduling production processes.
• 1970s: MRP I was developed, which utilized software applications for generating schedules for operations and raw material purchases and tracking orders
• 1980s: MRP II was developed, which utilized software applications and applications for: (1) Coordinating manufacturing processes; (2) Managing product planning, parts purchasing, and inventory control; (3) Tracking product distribution and shipping; (4) Automating accounting and financial processes.
• 1990s: ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) emerged, which integrated various functions of a company into a single, interconnected system, including: (1) Financial management (accounting, budgeting, forecasting); (2) Human resource management (payroll, benefits, performance management); (3) Supply chain management (procurement, inventory management, logistics); (4) Customer relationship management (sales, marketing, customer service)
• 2000s: ERP II or Enterprise Systems (ES) emerged, which described the new advancements in ERP systems, including (1)Business intelligence (data analytics, reporting, dashboards); (2) Extended ERP. Integration with other systems, such as Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM); (3) E-business and e-commerce capabilities
• Present day: ERP or ES systems continue to evolve with the latest business and technological trends, including (1)Cloud-based deployment options; (2) Mobile accessibility and apps; (3) Artificial intelligence and machine learning integration; (4) Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity;

Modern applications are designed with cloud-native architecture in mind. They run on cloud platforms (such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud), allowing for scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Cloud-native applications use micro-services, which break down complex systems into smaller, independent components. This approach enables faster development, easier maintenance, and better resource utilization.

Modern business applications are used in almost every business domain and process, empowering organizations to operate efficiently, adapt to changing market dynamics, and deliver exceptional customer experiences. By leveraging the latest technologies, businesses can ensure they remain competitive and responsive to market demands.

2.4 AI in Business: Transforming Modern Enterprises ¶

Ai in business: transforming modern enterprises ¶.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a pivotal force in modern business, driving innovation, efficiency, and competitiveness. By automating routine tasks, providing deep insights through data analysis, and enhancing decision-making processes, AI technologies are reshaping how businesses operate and compete in the global market.

AI offers several features that make it invaluable in the business context. One of the most significant is automation. AI can automate repetitive and time-consuming tasks, freeing up human resources for more strategic activities. For instance, Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is used to handle routine tasks such as data entry, invoice processing, and customer service inquiries. This not only improves efficiency but also reduces the potential for human error.

Data analysis and insights are another critical feature of AI. AI systems can analyze large volumes of data to uncover patterns, trends, and insights that would be difficult to detect manually. Machine learning algorithms, for example, can analyze customer data to identify purchasing patterns and predict future behavior, enabling businesses to develop targeted marketing strategies.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a feature of AI that enables machines to understand, interpret, and respond to human language. This capability is seen in chatbots and virtual assistants that interact with customers, providing instant support and improving customer satisfaction. Predictive analytics, which uses historical data to predict future outcomes and trends, is another powerful feature of AI. In manufacturing, predictive maintenance uses sensors and data analytics to foresee equipment failures before they occur, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.

AI also excels in delivering personalized experiences and recommendations to users based on their behavior and preferences. E-commerce platforms like Amazon use AI to recommend products based on past purchases and browsing history. Additionally, AI provides intelligent recommendations and supports decision-making processes through decision support systems. Financial institutions, for example, use AI to assess credit risk and make lending decisions by analyzing vast amounts of financial data and transaction histories.

The applications of AI in business are vast and varied.

• In customer service, AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants handle customer inquiries, provide support, and resolve issues 24/7. Companies like H&M use chatbots on their websites and social media to answer customer questions, track orders, and provide product recommendations.
• In marketing and sales, AI analyzes customer data to optimize marketing campaigns and improve sales strategies. Netflix, for instance, uses AI to analyze viewing habits and preferences, delivering personalized content recommendations to its users.
• In supply chain management, AI optimizes logistics, inventory management, and demand forecasting. DHL employs AI to predict demand and optimize delivery routes, reducing operational costs and improving delivery times.
• Human resources also benefit from AI, with applications assisting in recruiting, employee engagement, and performance management. Companies like Unilever use AI to screen job applicants by analyzing video interviews, assessing facial expressions, tone of voice, and word choice.
• In the finance sector, AI enhances fraud detection, algorithmic trading, and financial planning. JP Morgan Chase uses AI for fraud detection by analyzing transaction patterns and flagging unusual activities in real-time. In healthcare, AI supports diagnostic processes, treatment recommendations, and patient monitoring. IBM Watson Health, for example, assists doctors by analyzing medical records and research papers to provide evidence-based treatment options.

In conclusion, AI is revolutionizing the business landscape by enhancing efficiency, improving decision-making, and delivering personalized experiences. As AI technologies continue to evolve, their applications in business are expected to expand, offering even more innovative solutions and driving further transformation across industries. Businesses that leverage AI effectively will gain a significant competitive edge in the market.

While AI offers significant advantages and transformative potential, its implementation in business also comes with several challenges. These challenges can impact the effectiveness of AI solutions and pose risks to organizations that must be managed carefully to realize the full benefits of AI technologies.

• Data Quality and Availability: One of the primary challenges in deploying AI systems is ensuring the availability and quality of data. AI systems rely on large volumes of high-quality data to function effectively. However, businesses often face difficulties in gathering, cleaning, and maintaining such data. Incomplete, inconsistent, or biased data can lead to inaccurate AI predictions and insights, undermining the reliability of AI applications. To address this, organizations must invest in robust data management practices and tools to ensure their data is accurate, complete, and relevant.
• Integration with Existing Systems: Integrating AI solutions with existing business systems and processes can be complex and time-consuming. Many organizations have legacy systems that may not be compatible with modern AI technologies, requiring significant modifications or even complete overhauls. This integration process can disrupt normal business operations and incur substantial costs. To mitigate these issues, businesses should plan for phased integration and allocate adequate resources for system upgrades and training.
• Talent Shortage: There is a notable shortage of skilled professionals who can design, implement, and manage AI systems. AI expertise requires a combination of skills in data science, machine learning, software engineering, and domain-specific knowledge. This talent gap can slow down AI adoption and development within organizations.
• Ethical and Legal Concerns: The use of AI in business raises various ethical and legal issues that need to be carefully considered. AI systems can inadvertently perpetuate biases present in the training data, leading to unfair or discriminatory outcomes. Moreover, the lack of transparency in AI decision-making processes, often referred to as the "black box" problem, can create accountability challenges. Organizations must establish ethical guidelines and frameworks for AI development and use, ensuring fairness, accountability, and transparency in their AI applications. Compliance with data protection laws and regulations, such as GDPR, is also crucial to avoid legal repercussions.
• Cost and Resource Allocation: Implementing AI technologies can be expensive, requiring substantial investments in hardware, software, and skilled personnel. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may find it particularly challenging to allocate the necessary resources for AI initiatives. Additionally, ongoing maintenance and updates of AI systems can add to the costs. Businesses need to conduct thorough cost-benefit analyses to ensure that AI investments are justified and align with their strategic goals.
• Security Risks: AI systems can introduce new security vulnerabilities, as they often require access to sensitive data and critical business operations. Cybersecurity threats, such as data breaches and adversarial attacks, can compromise the integrity and reliability of AI systems. Organizations must implement robust security measures to protect AI systems and the data they process, including encryption, access controls, and regular security audits.

While AI holds immense potential to transform business operations and drive innovation, organizations must navigate several challenges to harness its full benefits. Addressing issues related to data quality, system integration, talent shortages, ethical considerations, costs, change management, and security is crucial for the successful deployment of AI in business. By proactively managing these challenges, businesses can leverage AI to achieve greater efficiency, enhance decision-making, and gain a competitive edge in the market.

3 Components of MIS ¶

Management Information Systems (MIS) are integral to modern organizations, providing the necessary tools and information to support business operations and decision-making. At the core of any MIS are three critical components: people, processes, and data. These components work together seamlessly, supported by underlying information technology comprising hardware and software.

3.1 High Level Components ¶

People ¶.

People are the most important component of any MIS. They include the users who interact with the system and the IT professionals who design, implement, and maintain it. This group encompasses a wide range of roles, each contributing to the effective functioning of the MIS:

• End Users: These are individuals who use the MIS to perform their daily tasks. They include employees at various levels, from clerical staff to senior management, who rely on the system to access information, generate reports, and make decisions.
• IT Professionals: This group includes system analysts, developers, network administrators, and support staff who are responsible for creating, managing, and maintaining the MIS. They ensure that the system is reliable, secure, and performs efficiently.

The collaboration between end users and IT professionals is crucial for the successful implementation and operation of an MIS. End users provide valuable feedback that helps IT professionals to refine and improve the system, ensuring it meets the organization’s needs.

Processes ¶

Processes refer to the methods and procedures that define how tasks are performed within the organization. In the context of MIS, processes are the structured activities that transform raw data into meaningful information. These processes can be broadly categorized into several types:

• Data Collection: This involves gathering raw data from various sources within and outside the organization. Effective data collection processes ensure that the data is accurate, relevant, and timely.
• Data Processing: Once collected, the data is processed using algorithms and rules to convert it into usable information. This may involve sorting, filtering, aggregating, and analyzing the data.
• Information Dissemination: The processed information is then distributed to the relevant stakeholders through reports, dashboards, and other means. This ensures that decision-makers have access to the information they need when they need it.
• Feedback and Improvement: Continuous feedback from end users is used to improve the processes, ensuring they remain efficient and effective.

Well-defined and optimized processes are essential for an MIS to provide accurate and timely information, which in turn supports effective decision-making and organizational efficiency.

Data ¶

Data is the raw material that drives an MIS. It includes all the facts, figures, and statistics that are collected, processed, and stored by the system. Data can come from various sources, including internal operations, customer interactions, market research, and external databases. The quality of data is critical, as inaccurate or outdated data can lead to poor decision-making.

• Data Collection: Data must be collected systematically to ensure its accuracy and completeness. This can involve manual entry, automated sensors, or integration with other information systems.
• Data Storage: Once collected, data must be stored securely and efficiently. This involves the use of databases and data warehouses that can handle large volumes of data and provide quick access when needed.
• Data Management: Managing data involves ensuring its accuracy, consistency, and security. Data management practices include regular updates, backups, and access controls to protect sensitive information.

Data is the foundation of an MIS, and its proper management is essential for transforming it into valuable information that can drive business decisions.

Hardware components include servers, computers, storage devices, and networking infrastructure. Servers host databases and applications, while end-user devices (such as desktops, laptops, and mobile devices) access the MIS. Scalable and reliable hardware is essential for efficient MIS operations.

Software encompasses various applications and tools used within the MIS.

• Office tools and collaboration tools.
• Database management systems (DBMS) store and retrieve data.
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate multiple essential functions (e.g., manufacturing, accounting, finance, HR, inventory) into a unified platform.
• Today's enterprise system (ES) includes Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Human Capital Management (HCM), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Business Intelligence (BI).
• Business intelligence (BI) software analyzes data and provides insights.

3.2 Information Technology and Business Applications ¶

The components of people, processes, and data are supported by the underlying information technology, which includes both hardware and software.

• Hardware: This includes all the physical devices and equipment used to collect, store, process, and disseminate data. Examples of hardware components are servers, computers, networking devices, and storage systems. Reliable and scalable hardware is essential for the smooth operation of an MIS.
• Software: Software includes the programs and applications that run on the hardware, enabling the processing and analysis of data. This can range from operating systems and database management systems to specialized applications for data analysis, reporting, and visualization. Software must be user-friendly, reliable, and capable of meeting the specific needs of the organization.

Business application software plays a critical role in modern enterprises by streamlining operations, enhancing decision-making, and improving overall efficiency. Among the various types of business application software, four key categories stand out: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Supply Chain Management (SCM), and Business Intelligence (BI). Each of these categories serves distinct functions and offers unique benefits to organizations.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ¶

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems integrate various functions of a business into a unified system to streamline processes and information across the organization. ERP systems are designed to improve the efficiency of business operations by providing a comprehensive and real-time view of core business processes. Key Functions of ERP are:

• Financial Management: Manages financial transactions, including accounting, budgeting, and financial reporting. It ensures compliance with regulatory standards and provides insights into the financial health of the organization.
• Human Resource Management (HRM): Automates HR processes such as payroll, recruitment, performance evaluations, and employee records management. It helps in optimizing workforce management and improving employee satisfaction.
• Manufacturing and Production Planning: Facilitates production scheduling, material requirements planning, and quality control. It helps in optimizing manufacturing processes and ensuring timely production of goods.
• Supply Chain Management: many ERP solutions include basic SCM functionalities include procurement, inventory management, and logistics to ensure smooth operations from raw material acquisition to product delivery. Large companies have a separate SCM system.
• Customer Relationship Management: many ERP solutions include basic CRM functionalities to manage customer interactions and sales processes. Large companies have a separate CRM system.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) ¶

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems focus on managing a company’s interactions with current and potential customers. The primary goal of CRM software is to improve business relationships, enhance customer satisfaction, and drive sales growth. Key Functions of CRM are:

• Sales Management: Tracks sales leads, opportunities, and customer interactions. It helps in managing the sales pipeline, forecasting sales, and closing deals more efficiently.
• Marketing Automation: Automates marketing campaigns, including email marketing, social media marketing, and lead generation. It enables personalized marketing efforts and improves the effectiveness of marketing strategies.
• Customer Service and Support: Manages customer service requests, support tickets, and customer feedback. It provides tools for resolving customer issues promptly and improving overall customer satisfaction.
• Customer Data Management: Centralizes customer information, including contact details, purchase history, and communication records. It helps in creating a 360-degree view of the customer, enabling better relationship management.

Supply Chain Management (SCM) ¶

Supply Chain Management (SCM) systems oversee the flow of goods, information, and finances as they move from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. SCM systems aim to optimize supply chain operations, reduce costs, and improve efficiency. Key Functions of SCM are:

• Procurement: Manages the acquisition of raw materials and goods from suppliers. It includes vendor selection, purchase orders, and supplier relationship management.
• Inventory Management: Tracks inventory levels, orders, and deliveries. It ensures that the right amount of inventory is available at the right time to meet customer demand.
• Logistics and Distribution: Manages the transportation and storage of goods. It includes route planning, shipping, and warehousing to ensure timely and cost-effective delivery of products.
• Demand Planning and Forecasting: Predicts customer demand to optimize inventory levels and production schedules. It helps in minimizing stock outs and reducing excess inventory.
• Supply Chain Analytics: Provides insights into supply chain performance through data analysis and reporting. It helps in identifying bottlenecks and improving supply chain processes.

Business Intelligence (BI) ¶

Business Intelligence (BI) systems analyze data to provide actionable insights that inform business decisions. BI tools help organizations make sense of their data, identify trends, and drive strategic planning. Key Functions of BI are:

• Data Mining and Analytics: Extracts patterns and insights from large datasets. It includes techniques such as clustering, classification, and regression analysis to uncover hidden trends.
• Reporting and Dashboards: Generates visual reports and dashboards that provide real-time insights into business performance. It enables users to monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) and make data-driven decisions.
• Performance Management: Tracks and measures organizational performance against predefined goals. It helps in setting targets, monitoring progress, and identifying areas for improvement.
• Predictive Analytics: Uses statistical models and machine learning algorithms to predict future trends and outcomes. It helps organizations anticipate changes and make proactive decisions.
• Data Visualization: Presents data in graphical formats such as charts, graphs, and maps. It makes complex data easier to understand and interpret, facilitating better decision-making.

4 Vizio Case: What's the Most Important Business Function? ¶

Which is the most important function of a business? accounting, finance, marketing, management, HR, IS, or supply chain? It depends. You can outsource any function if it is not the core of your company operation.

In 1986, William Wang graduated from the University of Southern California with a degree in electrical engineering. His career began in the realm of customer service, working for a company that manufactured computer monitors. During this time, monitors were unimpressive, typically grim beige boxes displaying monochrome green or amber text on black backgrounds. This job provided Wang with invaluable insight into the supply chain of electronic devices and honed his understanding of customer needs and industry standards.

In the early 2000s, Wang encountered the burgeoning technology of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) televisions. He immediately recognized the potential of LCD technology to revolutionize home entertainment, offering superior picture quality and a sleek design compared to the existing bulky television sets. This revelation sparked an idea: why not make these high-quality LCD TVs affordable for the average consumer? Driven by this vision, Wang made a bold decision. He refinanced his house to gather the necessary funds to create a prototype LCD TV. In 2002, with his prototype in hand and a mission to democratize access to high-quality LCD and plasma TVs, Wang launched Vizio.

Wang's next move was crucial. He knew that gaining a foothold in the highly competitive electronics market required a strategic partnership. He approached Costco, a major retail giant, with his vision. During a pivotal meeting, Wang asked for just one thing: a spot at the entrance of Costco stores to demo his LCD TVs. He promised to handle all customer support issues personally, ensuring that Costco would not have to bear any additional burden. At the end of the meeting, Wang made a bold proclamation: “I will beat SONY in five years.” Skepticism filled the room. While nobody believed such an audacious claim, they saw little risk in giving him a chance.

By the second quarter of 2003, Vizio’s products had found a place on Costco shelves. The strategy was simple yet effective: leverage Costco's high foot traffic and strategic placement to capture consumer attention without spending heavily on traditional marketing. Vizio's focus on providing high-quality products at affordable prices, combined with excellent customer service, began to pay off. Consumers quickly embraced Vizio TVs, drawn by their value and performance.

The results were nothing short of remarkable. By the fourth quarter of 2007, Vizio’s market share had soared to 14.2%, surpassing Sony’s 12.5%. William Wang’s bold vision and strategic execution had paid off, making Vizio the number-one seller of LCD TVs in North America within just five years. This journey from a simple customer service role to the helm of a leading consumer electronics brand underscores the power of innovation, strategic partnerships, and unwavering determination.

5 Why Should One Learn MIS? ¶

For business major students in fields such as accounting, finance, management, and marketing, learning Management Information Systems (MIS) is crucial. MIS provides the knowledge and skills necessary to leverage technology effectively in today's business environment. Here are the three most important reasons, supported by data, why business students should learn MIS:

1. Enhancing Decision-Making and Strategic Planning ¶

In fields like accounting, finance, and management, making informed decisions is key to success. MIS equips students with the ability to analyze data, generate actionable insights, and support strategic planning. By understanding MIS, business students can:

• Accounting : Utilize accounting information systems (AIS) to track financial transactions accurately, generate financial reports, and ensure regulatory compliance. According to a study by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), 83% of accounting firms use AIS to enhance their decision-making processes.
• Finance : Leverage financial information systems to analyze market trends, manage investment portfolios, and perform risk assessments. Notably, more than 70% of stock exchange transactions are now executed by computer algorithms, known as high-frequency trading, demonstrating the importance of MIS in financial markets.

2. Driving Efficiency and Operational Excellence ¶

Efficiency is a critical factor in all business disciplines. MIS helps streamline operations, automate routine tasks, and optimize resource utilization, leading to improved productivity and reduced costs. Business students can benefit from MIS by:

• Marketing : Utilizing marketing information systems (MKIS) to analyze customer data, track marketing campaigns, and segment markets. According to HubSpot, 64% of marketers actively invest in website optimization and marketing analytics tools, indicating the critical role of MIS in marketing.
• Management : Applying enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to integrate various business functions, ensuring smooth operations and real-time access to information. Gartner reports that 88% of organizations consider ERP systems essential for business operations, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.

3. Supporting Innovation and Competitive Advantage ¶

In a rapidly changing business environment, innovation and adaptability are essential. MIS provides the tools and knowledge needed to stay ahead of technological trends and maintain a competitive edge. Business students can leverage MIS to:

• Accounting : Adopt innovative accounting software that incorporates artificial intelligence and machine learning to automate complex tasks and detect anomalies. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) reports that 63% of accountants believe AI will have a significant impact on the accounting profession.
• Marketing : Implement digital marketing tools and platforms that utilize big data analytics to gain deeper insights into consumer behavior. Google reports that businesses leveraging data-driven marketing are 6 times more likely to be profitable year-over-year, highlighting the importance of MIS in marketing strategies.

• Management Information Systems (MIS): Definition and How It Works

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Management Information System, commonly referred to as MIS is a phrase consisting of three words: management, information and systems. Looking at these three words, it’s easy to define Management Information Systems as systems that provide information to management.

That is the simple definition of MIS that generally sums up what a Management Information System is, and what it should do. However, its role and impact on the smooth operation of a company can never be overemphasized. That is the reason why every successful company makes use of these systems in one way or another.

The reason why Management Information Systems are very important in the day to day operation of companies is because these systems work with people, organizations, technology and relationships among the people and organizations affecting the company.

This means that when properly implemented, Management Information Systems will help achieve a high level of efficiency in a company’s management operations.

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This explains why MIS degrees are in high demand globally since the graduates have practical knowledge that will help them develop more efficient solutions thanks to their systems perspective of business processes developed in their training in Management Information Systems.

In the decade between 2014 and 2024, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that MIS professionals, and specifically database administrators, should expect the highest job growth when compared to all the other occupations.

In this guide, we explore 1) the history of Management Information Systems, 2) types of information systems , 3) components of Management Information Systems, 4) its role in business , 5) common advantages and disadvantages of using MIS , and 6) tips for effeccctively applying MIS in your business .

HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Owing to the strong link between Management Information Systems and technology, the history of these systems goes hand in hand with the history of computing technology.

With that said, we will split the evolution of MIS into five eras. Let’s take a closer look at what changes were effected in each of these eras.

First Era: Computing on Mainframe and Minicomputers

This was the era before 1965 when computing was done on large mainframe computers located in large special rooms designed specifically for the computers. This included special temperature control to ensure that the machines always operated in optimum conditions.

These computers were operated by teams of technicians and hence the cost of operating them was quite high. As a result, most of the computing was done on a time-sharing basis to meet the high costs of owning and operating these mainframes. The dominant supplier of hardware and software in this era was IBM .

With time, technology advanced and towards the end of this era, minicomputers were introduced. The minicomputers were significantly smaller and cheaper, hence large companies could afford to own these and do their computing in-house. However, the minicomputers were still very expensive when compared to today’s standards.

Second Era: Personal Computers

This era began in 1965 and was mainly as a result of the introduction of the microprocessor. This meant that companies could now afford cheaper personal computers, which provided access to computing power that would have cost exorbitant amounts of money just one decade before.

By mid 1980s, personal computers were becoming much more affordable hence they were made available to the mass markets. The predominant ones at this time were the Apple I and Apple II, and the IBM personal computer, commonly referred to as PC. The PC was friendlier to businesses, which explains why it rose to popularity in those early days.

During this era, Management Information Systems started making way into businesses thanks to the development of a spreadsheet application known as VisiCalc (short for “visible calculator”). This application was released originally for the Apple II, but a PC version was also made for the IBM PC when it was produced.

This application is considered by many the factor that turned the microcomputer from an expensive gadget for scientists and enthusiasts to an all-important business tool thus paving way for the modern Management Information Systems. Following the success of the VisiCalc, more powerful spreadsheet applications like the Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft’s Multiplan and later Excel.

Follow this interview with the developers of VisiCalc .

Third Era: Client/Server Networks

With the widening use of computing in business and advances in technology, more needs came from the business community to ensure a more efficient interaction with information. Since companies were able to computing thanks to reduced costs of computers, better ways had to be sought for making the most out of this computing power.

One of the most prominent needs that arose was the need for employees within organizations to share computer information with other employees. The solution was provided by client/server networks that went a long way in enhancing the management information systems we have today.

One big step in this era was the development of intranets which were static websites that gave employees access to information that was stored in a central location. This made it possible to work faster and more efficiently because more people could access information on a server as long as their computers were on a common network.

Fourth Era: Enterprise Computing

The fourth era was an improvement of the third era that saw to it that different departments in companies had even better access to information. The main improvement was the introduction of high speed enterprise networks that enabled faster access to information.

This provided a better and more complete management structure since decision making was easier thanks to the better access of information from different parts of the company. Essentially, the applications used by departments in the company were consolidated and woven together into a single platform that was accessible from the company network.

High-speed networks were also added into the mix to increase the efficiency of the platform. This meant that business operations such as finance, accounting, sales, marketing, inventory and even human resource management could be harmonized to ensure cooperation and efficiency throughout the entire company.

Although the applications used by different departments differed and measures of access control were introduced to limit access to sensitive company information, this era gave top management officials a complete view of the current standing of the entire business.

Fifth Era: Cloud Computing

This is the current era that employs the latest networking technology to further enhance information processing and access by business officials and management executives. The added element in this era is the fact that the networking technology adds a level of mobility to the systems.

This means that irrespective of your location, the configuration that you are using or the hardware that’s available, you will still be able to use business applications and access data stored in company servers. With the improvement of cellphone networks to provide high speed mobile data access and the increase in popularity of Wi-Fi networks, managers have ready access to the Management Information System around the clock hence better decisions can be made faster.

This era frees management from the chains of office-bound computers with local network access. With the rise in popularity of mobile devices such as laptops, smartphones and tablet computers, great levels of mobility are achieved while still improving on efficiency.

This also calls for a change in management style since the workers will be generally more informed due to the ability to produce and consume more information about the business, giving rise to what’s now known as the knowledge worker . Knowledge workers are more empowered and hence more productive naturally.

This means that the command-and-control method of management will no longer be the most effective management style for this worker. As a result, employee autonomy is gradually becoming more and more inevitable.

A beginner’s guide to cloud computing .

[slideshare id=44803904&doc=cloud101editeddeckfinal-150217155954-conversion-gate02&w=710&h=400]

TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Management Information Systems is one out of several information systems that are used in business. To better understand Management Information Systems, let’s look at the different types of information systems available in business.

• Transaction Processing Systems. These systems have been designed to collect, process and store transactions that occur in the day to day operations of a company. The system can also be used to cancel or modify transactions done in the past if the need arises. One property of this system that enables them to work effectively is the ability to accurately record multiple transactions even if the different transactions take place simultaneously. They are built to be able to handle large volumes of transactions. Examples include stock control systems, payroll systems, order processing systems etc.
• Decision Support Systems. These systems help decision makers to make the best decisions by generating statistical projections from analyzed data. Although it does not eliminate the need for the manager’s judgment, it significantly improves the quality of the decision by offering forecasts that help determine the best course of action. These systems compile information from several sources for purposes of aiding in decision making. Examples of these systems include computer supported cooperative work, group decision support systems, logistics systems and financial planning systems.
• Executive Information Systems. Also known as Executive Support System, this is a tool used for reporting enterprise-wide data to top executives. These systems provide quick and easy to use reports that are presented in graphical displays that are easy to compare. They can be taken as specialized decision support systems because they provide information necessary to help improve the quality of decisions. Owing to the high expectations from such a system, these systems need to be highly individualized hence they are usually custom made for specific clients. They are also customizable to fit the specific needs of the clients.
• Management Information Systems. These systems make use of information technology to help managers ensure a smooth and efficient running of the organization. Information collected by these systems is structured so that the managers can easily evaluate the company’s current performance vis-à-vis previous outputs. Some of the common types of Management Information Systems include process control systems, human resource management systems, sales and marketing systems, inventory control systems, office automation systems, enterprise resource planning systems, accounting and finance systems and management reporting systems.

COMPONENTS OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

To effectively deliver the information needed to decision makers, Management Information Systems need to have the necessary components to collect, process, store and retrieve the information whenever it is needed.

To achieve this, these systems use the following four components:

• Information System. This is a combination of software, hardware, personnel and infrastructure. This component helps in the collection of data that is stored in the MIS. The hardware includes computers, scanners, printers and network devices. The software elements include the company’s enterprise software and any other software that is used in the running of the company’s network. This component makes it possible for employees to interact with the system and thus information can be collected
• Database Management System. This component is primarily made up of computer programs that help in the storage and retrieval of data. Of course, it also includes the actual physical databases where the information is stored after it has been captured. There are several different database management systems that can be used in Management Information Systems. The suitability of the systems will depend on the amount of data that will need to be processed and stored in the system. There are small database management systems that can comfortably work on personal computers and there are huge ones that will need larger and more complex machines like mainframe computers. Learn more about database technologies .
• Intelligence System. This component is concerned with processing of the data collected and presenting it in a manner that is easy to comprehend. Everything from the processing of the data to the displaying of the data is designed to give top executives an easy time as they try to make decisions concerning the business. It is sometimes referred to as business intelligence which stores human knowledge and uses the logic to formulate quick solutions for future problems where patterns match.
• Research System. This component is concerned with identifying the main management problems in the organization and coming up with alternative decisions that could have sufficed in a particular situation. This helps ensure that all the possible options are analyzed and the best decision made. The best decision is not always the most obvious one. This component of Management Information systems ensures that the best decision is reached even in those instances.

ROLE OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS

The main role of Management Information Systems is to report on business operations with the purpose of supporting decision making. This is to ensure that the organization is managed in a better and more efficient way so that it can be able to achieve full potential thus gain competitive advantage.

Let’s look at some of the other roles played by Management Information Systems in an organization.

• To provide information readily to company decision makers. Regardless of whether it is a marketing, financial or operational issue, managers need quick access to information so that they can make good decisions that will have a positive impact on the company’s performance. Management Information Systems enhance this by strategically storing vast amounts of information about the company in a central location that can be easily accessed by managers over a network. This means that managers from different departments have access to the same information hence they will be able to make decisions that collectively help solve the company’s problems in the quickest way.
• Management Information Systems also help in data collection. Data from everyday operations in the company is collected and brought together with data from sources outside the organization. This enables a healthy and functional relationship between distributors, retail outlets and any other members of the supply chain. It also helps keep good track of performance since production and sales numbers will be recorded and stored in a central database that can be accessed by all members of the MIS. Access to this information also helps ensure that problems are detected early and decisions are made quickly using the latest information.
• To promote collaboration in the workplace. In any large company, there are many situations that call for input from several individuals or departments before decisions can be made. Without an efficient communication channel, these decisions can take a very long time. Even with good communication channels, if the different stakeholders don’t have access to all the available data, the process would hit a number of snags before it’s complete. Management Information Systems ensure that all the members of the decision-making group have access to all the data that’s required to make the decision even if they are working from different physical locations.
• To run possible scenarios in different business environments. Before making a decision that will affect the overall standing of the business, a lot of precaution must be taken. There is a need to check and verify that the company will not suffer after making a decision. Management Information Systems enable executives to run what-if scenarios so that they can see how some of the important metrics in the business will be affected by a given decision. The data is presented in easy to understand reports and graphs that make interpretation easy. For example, a human resource manager will be able to tell what will happen to the revenue, production, sales and even profit after reducing the number of workers in a manufacturing department. Another example would be the effect of a price change on profitability. Once executives have been able to see whether or not the decision will be beneficial to the company, it is easier to make good decisions that will not leave the company in chaos.
• Management Information systems give accurate projections of the company’s standing in the short and long term. Most of the decisions made by top executives in companies have an effect on the company strategies. As a result, some of them may need some modifications done on the company goals or strategies. Most Management Information Systems come with trend analysis features that will enable you to project the performance of a business with the current configuration and how they will be affected once you have implemented any changes that you are considering. The Management Information Systems that don’t have the trend analysis feature will still provide you with enough information to accurately carry out the analysis using external tools.
• Management Information Systems help track the implementation of particular decisions in a company. Before making a decision, executives use these systems to make projections of the expectations from the particular decision. If they decide to go ahead with the changes, there will be a need to keep monitoring the performance to see if you are on track to achieving the desired results. Management Information Systems give detailed reports and recommendations so that the evaluation of the goals moves smoothly and effectively. You get data that shows if your decisions have had the desired effect. If not, you will be able to take the necessary corrective measures early so that you can get back on track.
• To improve on the company’s reporting. One of the reasons why Management Information Systems are favored by large companies is the effectiveness of the reporting features. The decisions can be made quickly because the information is presented in an easy to understand format. The fact that the system is accessible by people from different parts of the organization makes it an effective reporting and communication tool. Findings can be shared among colleagues with all the necessary supplementary data. It is also possible to create brief executive summaries that sum up the whole situation for review by senior company executives in situations that need their approval.

ADVANTAGES OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

There are many benefits that come with applying Management Information Systems. Some of these benefits help make work easier for management while the rest of them help the organization as a whole.

Let’s take a closer look and see what you stand to gain from having a MIS.

• All stakeholders in the company have access to one single database that holds all the data that will be needed in day to day operations. If the MIS is used for project management , the contractor, client and consultant will be able to achieve a high level of transparency hence it will be easy to develop trust. Operations will also be smoother because information will always be readily available and data collection methods like forms or questionnaires will be standardized.
• Employees and other stakeholders in the organization will be able to spend more time doing productive tasks. This is because a big chunk of their time is saved thanks to the more efficient information system. This time would have otherwise been spent setting up or retrieving traditional information recording systems such as forms and files. As a result, the company is able to save on manpower costs, while at the same time producing more output in a fixed time span will now be spent productively.
• Another benefit of Management Information Systems is that they bring the power of data processing tools that help significantly improve the quality of decisions made in the company. A majority of Management Information Systems have built-in data processing tools that are able to draw conclusions based on the inputs received from the different sources. This helps make better plans for material management, manpower allocation and even the overall execution of the project.
• Owing to the flexibility that is brought by the use of mobile devices such as tablet computers and smartphones, Management Information Systems ensure that employees have easier and closer interaction with information about the progress of any process within the organization . This also ensures a higher degree of accuracy in data collection since it will be possible to record the progress in smaller milestones throughout the day on mobile devices as opposed to recording once at the end of the day. As a result, management is able to get a better idea of the progress due to the availability of the latest information.
• Inputs and modifications in these systems are logged and the authors noted. The time when the change has been made is also recorded for future reference. This means that the company is able to achieve a higher degree of accountability since all the actions can always be tracked back to the particular individuals who initiated them. This also means that the best performing employees can also be easily identified since information such as production numbers per shift and sales reports are always available and well presented in the system.
• Management Information Systems help reduce the amount of paperwork that departments have to deal with thanks to the central database that’s accessible from the company network. This means that in addition to making processes simpler and faster, the company is able to go paperless while at the same time reducing its carbon footprint. The bills also go down since the need for items like plain papers, ink and toner cartridges will be reduced significantly. Transportation costs are also reduced since there will be no need for shipping documents back and forth for approval and signatures. Shelf space will be saved and used for other tasks. Company wastes will also be reduced when the company goes paperless.
• Reports make it easy for companies to easily identify their strengths and weaknesses in carrying out various tasks. Management Information Systems provide revenue reports, performance reports for employees, expenses tracking reports and many others. When companies use these reports, they are able to improve their operations.
• From a top executive perspective, Management Information Systems help give an overall impression of where the company stands financially. These systems can also give overall status reports for specific projects within the organization. This enables top executives and managers to easily tell if the company is on track towards achieving its goals.
• Most Management Information Systems provide a channel for customers to collect and store vital data and feedback from customers. With this data, companies can easily adjust their products and marketing campaigns to better suit the needs of the customers hence improving on sales.
• With management information systems, a company gains competitive advantage. This is because operations are faster and smoother and thus results are achieved faster and more efficiently. Customers will be happy with the service delivery because they will be getting the answers that they seek faster and employees will be motivated because most of the tasks will become easier with better access to data.
• MIS helps eliminate redundant roles. When information is stored efficiently, it’s possible to identify parts of a system that are unnecessary. This means that any efforts that were duplicated are eliminated hence the company is able to better use the available resources.

CHALLENGES WHEN APPLYING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS

Even with the numerous benefits, there are a number of challenges that companies are likely to face when applying Management Information Systems in their businesses.

• The first challenge is in the cost of equipment. For a big company to successfully incorporate a Management Information system, there is a need to purchase devices that the employees and management executives will be using to interact with the system. These devices include servers, tablets, laptops and desktop computers. In addition, the company needs to invest in a good network that will connect these devices in order for the system to work effectively.
• Training of the workforce can also become a problem when applying Management Information Systems in a company. Without a proper understanding of how the system works, it can be hard to reap the full benefits of using it. This therefore makes it necessary for the company to ensure that employees and their managers are well trained on how to use the system. This can be an expensive and time consuming exercise.
• The systems are expensive to purchase . Owing to the unique needs of each organization, Management Information Systems have to be customized for each company. This means that there has to be brainstorming sessions where the vendors sit with management officials seeking to understand the needs before they can develop the system. As a result, the cost of the system goes up, thus taking it out of reach for small and medium companies.
• Many companies end up purchasing systems that lack the features they need most . As mentioned earlier, each company has its own unique needs when it comes to Management Information Systems. When you purchase a system that is not meant for your company, you will have better access to data that doesn’t help improve your operations. As a result, you will not be able to get the best return on investment.
• There is also a need for trained personnel to keep the system in good working order at all times . Like any other system, management information systems need proper maintenance in order for them to produce the best results. This means that you will need to add specialized personnel for system maintenance in your company. Without these people, using the system will be a challenge since errors will go unresolved and this will result in inefficiencies in the operations.
• Management Information Systems are heavily affected by large changes in the company . This means that before you make any change in the way you run the company, there will be a need to consider the impact of the changes on the information system. Sometimes, it becomes impossible to make some changes without changing the Management Information Systems hence having the system in place ends up being a limitation. However, most small changes should easily be incorporated in a good MIS.
• Management Information Systems will result in the loss of employment for a number of employees in a company . People like office messengers and traditional registry clerks will need to be reduced or eliminated after the system has been incorporated since some of these tasks will be automatically done on the system. These employees will not be happy about the changes and this can easily result in lawsuits or other problems with trade unions when large numbers of employees are retrenched.

TIPS FOR EFFECTIVELY APPLYING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN A BUSINESS

Even with the challenges, it goes without saying that installing a Management Information System is the way to go for businesses to perform better.

This means that companies should find a way of working around the challenges. Here are a number of tips that will help ensure a successful and smooth transition.

Know your needs from the outset

This is the first step towards getting an effective system. Before you even start looking for a vendor, it’s important to first ensure that you know exactly what type of system you want for your company. Make a portfolio score card that is in line with the goals that you have as a company.

This score card should define the objectives and the key performance indicators that you will be using to evaluate your success as a company. This is what you will go with to the vendors.

Evaluate a number of vendors

Once you have established what you need, it’s time to talk to a number of vendors in the market.

Find out about their costs for the system and any additional benefits that you will get when you purchase the system from them. Some of the things to look out for include support, installation, updates and training of employees on how to use the system.

The vendor to choose is the one who offers the system that you need and at the same time, one who will give you the best after sales service to ensure that you have an easy time using the system.

Train your employees well

Don’t assume that your employees will figure out how to use the system once it is in place. Remember, the quality of the decisions made by management from using the MIS will be determined to a large extent by the data that has been captured by employees.

This means that you need to put all the necessary measures in place to ensure that these employees do a good job.

Invest in reliable devices across your company

Investing in enough devices improves the accessibility of the system. This ensures that more data is tracked and as a result, more of it is accessible to management.

Better accessibility also reduces the time taken for data to be entered in the system and as a result making it available faster.

Get a system that only has the features that you need

Instead of investing in a complicated system that is expensive to run and tracks large volumes of data that you don’t need, you should go for something that addresses the immediate needs of your company’s management.

This way, you will not have to pay too much for the system and at the same time, you will not take your workforce through a complicated and unnecessary training process. You will also reduce the chances of errors arising in the use of the system since the features and functions will be easy to understand.

Make sure that you choose a system that is adaptable to changes

The system that you choose should be able to adapt to changes in the company. With time, you might need to change the personnel handling different tasks in the system or the reports that you will need the system to generate.

It is important to ensure that the system is able to handle these small but frequent changes easily without having to contact the developer. If there will be a need to contact the developer, like in the event of large changes, you should discuss this early before you make the decision to purchase the system.

However, most small changes should be effected in-house.

Be prepared for the changes

Incorporating a Management Information System in your business is a big step that will result in many changes in your operations. Be prepared for these changes and prepare your workforce for them.

You will need to train your employees, move some of them from one department to another or even adjusting job descriptions to eliminate redundancy in tasks.

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Management Information System (MIS)

Management Information System (MIS) is one of the five major Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS) . Its purpose is to meet the general information needs of the managers in firm or organization. MIS is a computer based system that makes information available to users with similar needs. Management Information System (MIS) consists of following three pillars: Management, Information, and System. These are explained as following below.

• Management: art of getting things done through and with the people of in formally organized groups. Managerial functions:
• Information: data that have a meaning with a context ,where data is raw facts about an entity (entity is the object of interest).
• System: set of inter-related components with a clearly defined boundary working together to achieve a common goal.

Why one should study MIS: It may be a student aspiring to become a manager in some organisation, an entrepreneur or a professional. Information system and information technology is a vital component of any successful business and is regarded as a major functional area like any other functional area of a business organization like marketing, finance, production, human resources (HR) etc. Information systems play following 3 vital roles for a business organisation:

• Supports the business processes and operations of an organisation.
• Support of decision making by employees and managers of an organisation.
• Support the strategies of an organisation for competitive advantage.

Advantages of MIS:

• Improves quality of an organization or an information content by providing relevant information for sound decision making.
• MIS change large amount of data into summarize form and thereby avoid confusion which may an answer when an information officer are flooded with detailed fact.
• MIS facilitates integration of specialized activities by keeping each department aware of problem and requirements of other departments.
• MIS serves as a link between managerial planning and control. It improves the ability of management to evaluate and improve performance.

Disadvantages:

• Too rigid and difficult to adapt.
• Resistance in sharing internal information between departments can reduce the effectiveness.
• Hard to quantify benefit to justify implementation of MIS.
• Quality of output of an MIS is directly proportional to quality of input and processes.

Major System in an Organizational Systems: Organizational information system are logical rather than physical way of thinking about MIS. The following are the management levels:

Operational control level includes:

• Marketing: It is the area in which considerable effort as spent in describing how the computer could be applied to the entire range of marketing operations.
• Finance: It does not embrace title of financial information system although computer based information system in that area are common.For ex-payroll,taxation.
• Human Resource: It represents area where most current attention is being focused. Terms Human Resource Information System (HRIS), and Human Resource Management System (HRMS) are common.
• Manufacturing: It describes how the computer could be applied to the entire range of information collection.
• Information Resource: It also embraced computer processing and applied the technology as both conceptual information system and physical manufacturing system. For example: quality control, cost control.

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An Introduction to Management Information System (MIS)

Last updated: March 18, 2024

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1. Introduction

Management Information System (MIS) is a set of information technology tools and techniques used to gather, store, and analyze information aiming to support the decision-making process.

Nowadays, MIS is an essential component, especially for modern business operations, that provides managers with timely and accurate information to make informed decisions.

In this tutorial, we’ll explore the purpose and components of the MIS, as well as the benefits it provides to organizations.

2. Purpose of Management Information System

The main purpose of MIS is to provide managers with the necessary information to make decisions.

MIS is responsible for gathering data from several sources, such as internal and external sources. In addition, it converts the data into useful information. This information is then utilized to monitor business operations, identify trends, and predict future outcomes.

The key functions of MIS may include data collection, where we can gather data from multiple sources, including internal and external sources. Internal sources, for example, accounting, finance, and human resources. On the other hand, external sources include market research reports and customer feedback. In addition, we can collect data using various techniques, including online surveys, face-to-face interviews, and focused groups.

It also allows data preprocessing.  Once data is collected, it is processed using various tools and techniques. The processing step includes sorting, classifying, and analyzing data to produce meaningful information.

After that, this information is stored in a database for future use.

3. Components of Management Information System

To enable decision-making, the MIS consists of four primary components that equip managers with essential information. These components are hardware, software, data, and people.

Hardware refers to the physical components of the MIS, such as computers, servers, and other devices that store and process data.

The software includes the programs used to process and analyze data. This includes various applications like databases, spreadsheets, and business intelligence tools.

Data serves as the fundamental resource for the MIS. It is collected from various sources and processed using advanced techniques to generate significant insights.

People are a crucial component of MIS. They are responsible for collecting, processing, and analyzing data. People who work in MIS have different abilities, such as looking at data, organizing databases, and keeping information safe.

The following figure shows the components of MIS:

4. Pros and Cons of MIS

While MIS provides several benefits to organizations, such as improved decision-making, increased efficiency, and reduced costs, its implementation can pose challenges for organizations due to various factors.

The table shown below addresses the pros and cons of MIS:

6. Conclusion

In this article, we discussed Management Information Systems as a crucial component of modern business operations, providing managers with timely and accurate information to make informed decisions.

Through data collection from various sources, processing it to produce meaningful insights, and storing it for future use, MIS offers numerous benefits to organizations, including improved decision-making, increased efficiency, and reduced costs.

BUS206: Management Information Systems

Course introduction.

• Time: 57 hours
• College Credit Recommended ($25 Proctor Fee) -->
• Free Certificate

The term Management Information Systems  has several definitions that might depend on where you look or who you ask. Common among these many definitions is that MIS represents a collection of technologies, people, and processes that manage the information and communication resources of an organization.

Even if you do not realize it, you use MIS every day. If you use email, you are using MIS since email is an information system (though you, the user, only see one end of it). If you log into a computer every morning and access or edit data on corporate servers, you are using information systems. In general terms, information systems encompass any interactions between organized data and people. MIS can be the means by which information is transmitted (such as the Internet), the software that displays the information (such as Microsoft Excel), or the systems that manage the data. In this course, you will learn about the components of management information systems and how to leverage them in business.

Course Syllabus

First, read the course syllabus. Then, enroll in the course by clicking "Enroll me". Click Unit 1 to read its introduction and learning outcomes. You will then see the learning materials and instructions on how to use them.

Unit 1: Introduction to Management Information Systems

This unit will introduce you to the concept of MIS and the impact it has on business organizations. Most people recognize that information systems are composed of technologies such as computers, keyboards, and networks, but technology is just one small component. Some argue that other components of MIS are far more important. Information systems are made up of three high-level components: technology, people, and process. Later in the course, you will spend more time learning about the specifics of each of the three components introduced in this unit.

Innovation drives MIS. The right technology, processes, and people come together to solve problems utilizing new techniques and strategies. In this unit, you will also look at the applications of MIS in business and learn how far MIS has come since the inception of the information age.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 6 hours.

Unit 2: MIS Basics – Hardware, Software, Networking, and Security

Much of MIS is now centered on technology. Accordingly, MIS capabilities are mostly limited to the hardware and software capabilities of a given system. Ten years ago, it took the average Internet user a few minutes to download an MP3 music file over a cable connection. This can now be done in seconds wirelessly from just about anywhere in the developed world thanks to improvements in hardware and software. While it is nearly impossible to remain in front of technology developments, it is possible to analyze trends in technology advancements and identify what hardware and software may give you a competitive advantage.

This unit will first discuss the hardware component of technology, followed by the software component. We will finish the unit with a discussion of networking as a component of technology.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 11 hours.

Unit 3: Data and Databases

Data is a collection of facts. For example, population estimates for China and the United States are data. Information is the presentation of these facts in an organized manner, such as by presenting population estimates side-by-side with other facts like per capita income. Knowledge refers to the use of information to make informed decisions. In this case, you might consider these figures critical knowledge for making policy decisions about China and the United States. Managing data allows the government, corporations, and even individuals to apply this knowledge to their everyday lives. Managing data can be difficult because databases are often filled with more information than you need. In this unit, you will explore the challenges of data management and learn how to take data and turn it into knowledge.

We have used the word database  many times in this course. We will now define and study databases in detail. Entire courses are devoted to this subject (such as CS403: Introduction to Modern Database Systems ) since the uses and types of databases are as varied as the businesses that use them. However, finishing this unit should give you enough of an understanding of databases to have a conversation with a database administrator about the needs of your team or department.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 9 hours.

Unit 4: Information Systems and Organization Strategy

Strategic MIS is the application of information management in the overall strategy of a business. Many corporations include a Chief Information Officer (CIO) in executive management to implement information systems to be more competitive. What good would it do for a company to create an application that can tell where you are and serve you ads based on your location if it was unable to process that information? Part of the role of the CIO would be to figure out if it is possible to do this now – and if not now, when.

This unit will examine how information technology and information systems change the way organizations operate. The unit starts by looking at some of the key technological forces that characterize the information age that all firms must consider in their strategic planning. Then, you will learn about the special characteristics and challenges that business-to-business operations face. The unit concludes with an examination of how organizations adapt to technological changes.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 12 hours.

Unit 5: Information Systems Development

Businesses have diverse needs. While software packages for managing information exist, most software is not "plug-and-play" ready for most business applications. IT departments, in conjunction with representatives from all lines of business, must work together to develop and implement information system solutions. The IS development process can range from the simple to the extremely complicated. Managers often find themselves disagreeing about what information is most important and what is worth developing. Trade-offs between financial resources, time, and the capabilities of current information systems can lead to frustration. For this reason, IS development is a very important function within a business.

Unit 6: Information Systems in Society and the World

The reach of information systems extends well beyond the world of business. Today it is nearly as easy to communicate with someone on the other side of the world as it is to talk to someone next door. New technologies create situations that society has never dealt with before. How do we handle the unique capabilities that these technologies enable? Will societies need new laws or social mores to protect us from ourselves regarding technology?

We will conclude with a look at the future of MIS. After studying the security issues and failures of various systems, the outlook can seem bleak. Wherever there is a problem in MIS, there are opportunities to find profitable solutions.

Completing this unit should take you approximately 13 hours.

Study Guide

This study guide will help you get ready for the final exam. It discusses the key topics in each unit, walks through the learning outcomes, and lists important vocabulary. It is not meant to replace the course materials!

Course Feedback Survey

Please take a few minutes to give us feedback about this course. We appreciate your feedback, whether you completed the whole course or even just a few resources. Your feedback will help us make our courses better, and we use your feedback each time we make updates to our courses.

If you come across any urgent problems, email [email protected].

Certificate Final Exam

Take this exam if you want to earn a free Course Completion Certificate.

To receive a free Course Completion Certificate, you will need to earn a grade of 70% or higher on this final exam. Your grade for the exam will be calculated as soon as you complete it. If you do not pass the exam on your first try, you can take it again as many times as you want, with a 7-day waiting period between each attempt.

Once you pass this final exam, you will be awarded a free Course Completion Certificate .

Saylor Direct Credit

Take this exam if you want to earn college credit for this course . This course is eligible for college credit through Saylor Academy's Saylor Direct Credit Program .

The Saylor Direct Credit Final Exam requires a proctoring fee of $5 . To pass this course and earn a Credly Badge and official transcript , you will need to earn a grade of 70% or higher on the Saylor Direct Credit Final Exam. Your grade for this exam will be calculated as soon as you complete it. If you do not pass the exam on your first try, you can take it again a maximum of 3 times , with a 14-day waiting period between each attempt.

We are partnering with SmarterProctoring to help make the proctoring fee more affordable. We will be recording you, your screen, and the audio in your room during the exam. This is an automated proctoring service, but no decisions are automated; recordings are only viewed by our staff with the purpose of making sure it is you taking the exam and verifying any questions about exam integrity. We understand that there are challenges with learning at home - we won't invalidate your exam just because your child ran into the room!

Requirements:

• Desktop Computer
• Chrome (v74+)
• Webcam + Microphone
• 1mbps+ Internet Connection

Once you pass this final exam, you will be awarded a Credly Badge  and can request an official transcript .

Saylor Direct Credit Exam

This exam is part of the Saylor Direct College Credit program. Before attempting this exam, review the Saylor Direct Credit page for complete requirements.

Essential exam information:

• You must take this exam with our automated proctor. If you cannot, please contact us to request an override.
• The automated proctoring session will cost $5 .
• This is a closed-book, closed-notes exam (see allowed resources below).
• You will have two (2) hours to complete this exam.
• You have up to 3 attempts, but you must wait 14 days between consecutive attempts of this exam.
• The passing grade is 70% or higher.
• This exam consists of 50 multiple-choice questions.

Some details about taking your exam:

• Exam questions are distributed across multiple pages.
• Exam questions will have several plausible options; be sure to pick the answer that best satisfies each part of the question.
• Your answers are saved each time you move to another page within the exam.
• You can answer the questions in any order.
• You can go directly to any question by clicking its number in the navigation panel.
• You can flag a question to remind yourself to return to it later.
• You will receive your grade as soon as you submit your answers.

Allowed resources:

Gather these resources before you start your exam.

• Blank paper

What should I do before my exam?

• Gather these before you start your exam:
•   A photo I.D. to show before your exam.
•   A credit card to pay the automated proctoring fee.
•   (optional) Blank paper and pencil.
•   (optional) A glass of water.
• Make sure your work area is well-lit and your face is visible.
• We will be recording your screen, so close any extra tabs!
• Disconnect any extra monitors attached to your computer.
• You will have up to two (2) hours to complete your exam. Try to make sure you won't be interrupted during that time!
• You will require at least 1mbps of internet bandwidth. Ask others sharing your connection not to stream during your exam.
• Take a deep breath; you got this!

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Monday, May 9, 2011

Management information system -3, no comments:, post a comment.

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Friday, February 8, 2013

Management information system - 16 (mis scdl exam paper).

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